TABLE 8.

Classification statistics for individual application of coral.

Disease	Pharmaceutical preparation	Experimental subject	Research design	Groups and number of people		Therapeutic method		Course of treatment	Curative effect	Reference
				Treatment group	Control group	Treatment group	Control group
Bone defects and non-union	Deer horn coral skeleton	35 cases: 32 males and 2 females	Randomized controlled trials	35 cases: 32 males and 2 females	—	Coral bone particles are disinfected under high pressure and placed at the desired bone graft site in the human body	—	—	—	Wang et al. (2002b)
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, bone hyperplasia, and spinal and lumbar lesions	Black horned coral skeleton	23 cases: 14 males and 9 females	Randomized controlled trials	23 cases: 14 males and 9 females	—	Crush the black horn coral and add softener to form a powder and take it in the herbal soup	—	1 dose per day for 20–30 days	One case died of cerebrovascular accidental death, and the other 22 cases were examined 1∼2 months after taking the medicine. The clinical symptoms basically disappeared or relieved; particularly, the osteoporosis was basically corrected or stabilized	Xiao et al. (2005)
Patients with residual roots of anterior teeth and premolars	Coral bone powder	34 cases: 19 males and 15 females	Randomized controlled trials	34 cases: 19 males and 15 females	—	Artificial coral bone powder particles are implanted and undergo secondary repair surgery through porcelain crowns 6 months later	—	1 year	34 patients had significant bone formation in their alveolar ridges before the second-stage surgery. After the second-stage repair, they recovered normally, and the texture and color of the gums were better than before the repair	Zhou (2014)
Extraction of molars	Coral bone powder	45 cases: 23 males and 22 females	Randomized controlled trials	20 cases: 10 males and 10 females	25 cases: 13 males and 12 females	Fill the extraction socket with coral bone powder, and perform restoration operations such as filling the amount flush with the top of the adjacent alveolar ridge	Conventional biting gauze roll for approximately 30 minutes	6 months	The gingiva on the buccal and lingual sides of the experimental group was smooth and continuous, forming a plateau shape, and the alveolar bone was plump; the height and width of the alveolar bone in the control group were significantly reduced, and the buccal lingual side of the occlusal surface was significantly sunken, resulting in a narrow and elongated alveolar bone. After 6 months of tooth extraction, the degree of alveolar ridge atrophy in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group	Liu and Wang, (2014s)
Nasal deformity	Black horned coral skeleton	20 cases: 12 males and 8 females	Randomized controlled trials	20 cases: 12 males and 8 females	—	External nose shaping technology and implanting appropriately carved coral blocks into the nasal cone	—	—	18 patients recovered smoothly, 1 had an unexpected fracture, and 1 had an infection	Dagli et al. (1997)
Delayed sternal closure	Coral hydroxyapatite	1 male	Randomized controlled trials	1 case: 1 male	—	—	—	—	—	Zacharias et al. (2004)
Cranial injury or postoperative repair	Coral fragments	72 cases	Randomized controlled trials	72 cases	—	—	—	17 months	50% of cases have coral skeletons almost completely absorbed; another 50% of cases have partial absorption. The absorption of coral structures in larger implants does not exceed 40% of their volume, and no infectious complications have been found	Roux et al. (1988)
Craniofacial bone contour defect	Coral fragments	36 cases: 13.39% males and 22.61% females	Randomized controlled trials	—	—	—	—	12–36 months	Except for five clinically significant material absorption sites (incomplete absorption), the enhancement effect of other patients is very stable	Marchac and Sandor (1994)
Cervical adjacent segment degenerative disease	—	52 cases: 37 males and 15 females	Randomized controlled trials	52 cases: 37 males and 15 females	—	Eleven patients underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), 24 patients underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and four patients underwent cervical disc replacement (CDA). The median time interval between the first and second surgeries was 74 months	Thirteen patients underwent their first SLAC surgery. The median time interval between the first and second surgeries was 33 months (21–59 months)	—	—	He et al. (2022)
Cerebrovascular sclerosis, coronary arteriosclerosis, and heart disease	Cockscomb coral extract	—	Randomized controlled trials	—	—	One part per million of this substance is refined and mixed with 1,000 ml of compounded saline for injection or infusion to patients with significant therapeutic effects	—	—	—	Yuan (1991)