TABLE 1.

Basic parameters for cardiac ephaptic junctions.

Parameter	Value	Reference
Plasma membrane specific capacitance, C m (μF cm-2)	1.0	Satoh et al. (1996)
Action potential upstroke voltage (V)	1.30 $\times$ 10−1	Draper and Weidmann (1951), Hilgemann and Noble (1987)
Atrial ephaptic radius, a (nm)	8 $\times$ 103	Richards et al. (2011)
Ventricular ephaptic radius, a (nm)	12 $\times$ 103	Severs, 2000; Mori et al. (2008)
Purkinje ephaptic radius, a (nm)	40 $\times$ 103	Schoenberg et al. (1975)
Axial distance, w (nm)	20	Veeraraghavan et al. (2015)
Na+ diffusion coefficient, D Na (nm2 s-1)	1.3 $\times$ 109	Passiniemi (1983)
Cl− diffusion coefficient, D Cl (nm2 s-1)	2 $\times$ 109	Passiniemi (1983)
Dielectric constant of water at 37°C (εc)	74.3	Malmberg and Maryott (1956), Gabriel et al. (1996), Kramlich et al. (2012)
Free-space permittivity, ε0 (F nm-1)	8.85418 $\times$ 10−21	Lide (1993)
Elementary charge, e (C)	1.60218 $\times$ 10−19	Lide (1993)
Avogadro’s constant, N A (mol-1)	6.02214 $\times$ 1023	Lide (1993)
Faraday constant, F (C mol-1)	9.64853 $\times$ 104	Lide (1993)
Molar gas constant, R (J mol-1 K−1)	8.31451	Lide (1993)
Temperature, T (K)	310.15	Hutchison et al. (2008)
Resting Na+ concentration, [Na+] (mM)	153.1	Trautwein et al. (1962), Dijkman et al. (1997), Lai et al. (2007)
Resting Cl− concentration [Cl−] (mM)	145.8	Trautwein et al. (1962), Dijkman et al. (1997), Lai et al. (2007)