Table 1.
Placental adipokines and cytokines.
| Factor | Author | Research object | Main conclusion | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin | Akhtar Y et al | Pregnant women from the 24th week to the 40th week of pregnancy | Serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in pregnant women with GDM and adiponectin was inversely correlated with FBG and HbA1c in GDM, suggesting that hypoadiponectinemia is associated with elevated blood glucose during pregnancy. | (38) |
| Leptin | Roca-rodríguez et al | Pregnant women | GDM participants had significantly higher levels of leptin than controls, therefore, high levels of leptin can be used as a predictive marker for GDM. | (39) |
| Visfatin | Radzicka-mularczyk et al | Pregnant women | In GDM patients with higher BMI, serum visfatin was elevated, positively correlated with HbA1c, and decreased after insulin treatment. | (40) |
| Estrogen | Tanaka T et al | C57BL/6 female mice | ERα-mediated estrogen signaling in T cells regulates T cell immunity and contributes to glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. | (10) |
| PPAP-γ | ZhangY et al | Bewo cells | The PPAR-γ signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of visfatin by IL-6 in BeWo cells, thereby affecting the pathogenesis of GDM. | (41) |
| Progesterone | Alyas S et al | Pregnant women with gdm | Significantly elevated progesterone in pregnant women can lead to insulin resistance and eventually GDM. | (42) |
| HPL | RassieK et al | Women who are pregnant or within 12 months of giving birth | HPL may be valuable as a GDM biomarker, but this meta shows no relationship between HPL and GDM disease status. | (43) |
| Prolactin | Overgaard M et al | Pregnant women | Low prolactin levels in pregnancy are associated with higher risk of HbA1c and GDM. | (44) |
| SHBG | Li M et al | Pregnant women | Lower SHBG levels in first trimester were prospectively associated with second trimester insulin resistance and GDM risk. SHBG can be used as a marker to identify high-risk pregnancy in early pregnancy. | (45) |
| TNF-α、IL-6 | Elham H et al | Pregnant women with GDM | Higher circulating levels of IL-6 and TNF-α are associated with increased risk of GDM and can be used as potential biomarkers for the assessment of GDM. | (46) |
| Cortisol | Sun T et al | 24th week pregnant woman | Serum cortisol levels are associated with fasting glucose, triglycerides, and insulin resistance in GDM patients. | (47) |