Table 2.

The factors involved in metabolic reprogramming in GDM.

Factor	Author	Research object	Main conclusion	References
NGR 4	Attique H et al	Pregnant women in the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy	NGR4 levels were significantly lower in GDM subjects and may be a potential biomarker of GDM.	(8)
Angptl 8	HuangY et al	Pregnant women in the 12th to 16th week of pregnancy	The level of Angptl8 in early pregnancy is associated with the risk of GDM in pregnancy, which may be used to predict the onset of GDM.	(90)
Smad 4	Li L et al	The htr-8/svneo cells	Deficiency of Smad4 significantly increased GDM insulin sensitivity and attenuated inflammation in insulin-resistant cell models.	(91)
SIRT 1	Ulubasoglu H et al	Pregnant women in the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy	Low SIRT1 levels in the second trimester are associated with GDM. It may be a diagnostic marker for GDM.	(92)
WWOX/HIF1	BarylaI et al	Pregnant women in the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy and 3 months postpartum and 1 year postpartum	The decreased WWOX expression in GDM, especially the decreased WWOX/HIF1A ratio, suggests that WWOX regulates HIF1α activity in normal tissues, gene expression of proteins involved in glycolysis, and may lead to changes in glucose metabolism in GDM.	(93)
HK 2	Song T R et al	Pregnant woman	Upregulation of HK2 can lead to glucose metabolism disturbance in GDM patients.	(94)
Mir-143	Muralimanoharan S et al	Newly delivered mother	Downregulation of miR-143 mediates a metabolic shift from OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis in GDM placenta.	(95)
CMPF	Yi J et al	Pregnant women in the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy	Elevated serum CMPF levels are not conducive to the occurrence of hyperglycemia and pancreatic β-cell failure in GDM patients, which may affect the occurrence and development of GDM.	(96)