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. 2024 Jan 16;14:1436. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-51779-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Summary of functional enrichment analyses results for vitamin D-correlated genes. (A) Significantly enriched pathways and processes within each immune cell type showed overlap across CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, including immune activation and differentiation and telomere maintenance. RNA metabolism and processing gene sets were enriched in T cells and monocytes, while TNF-alpha signaling was enriched across all four immune cell types. (B) Heatmap of enrichment for TNF-alpha signaling and production processes/pathways for each cell type (rows). Each column represents our primary analyses: gene correlation with plasma 25(OH)D in non-multiple sclerosis control samples (column 1), genes differentially correlated with 25(OH)D between cases and controls (column 2), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) (column 3). Black represents significant enrichment (FDR < 0.05), while beige indicates absence of enrichment. Figure created with BioRender.com.