Table 5.

Clinical characteristics for athletes with findings of uncertain significance

Case	Age (years)	Sex	ECG	TTE	Additional testing	Final diagnosis
1	20	F	Normal	RV trabeculation	CMR: normal	RV trabeculation
2	18	M	Normal	Trabeculated apex	Repeat TTE: mild BiV enlargement, partial scarring of papillary muscles	Normal/Athlete’s heart
3	19	M	Normal	Abnormal diastolic function	CMR: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
4	18	M	Normal	Possible BAV	CMR: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
5	20	M	Normal	LVEF 48%; moderately reduced RV function, FAC 24.2%	► CMR: LVEF 48%, RVEF 42%, global hypokinesis ► Stress VO2: normal ► Stress echo: mildly reduced BiV function ► Ziopatch: normal ► Cardiopulmonary stress test: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
6	20	M	Normal	LVEF 45%–50%	CMR: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
7	21	M	Normal	LVEF 46%	► CMR: reduced LVEF ► Repeat TTE: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
8	21	F	Normal	Septal WMA	CMR: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
9	19	M	Normal	Abnormal LV mid-septal motion; moderate LA dilation	► CMR: mild global hypokinesis ► 24-hour Holter: rare PACs and ventricular ectopic beats ► Stress echo: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
10	19	M	Normal	Mildly reduced RV systolic function	CMR: normal	Normal/Athlete’s heart
11	20	M	Normal	LVEF 47%, mildly increased LV size	► Restricted from sport pending CMR ► CMR: LVEF 48%, moderately enlarged LV	Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy versus athlete’s heart

BAV, bicuspid aortic valve; BiV, biventricular; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; CTA, CT angiography; F, female; FAC, fractional area change; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; M, male; PAC, premature atrial contraction; RV, right ventricle; RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction; TEE, trans-oesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; WMA, wall motion abnormalities.