TABLE 1.
Descriptive statistics of gastrointestinal symptoms and polygenic scores across autism spectrum disorder cases and population controls, Study to Explore Early Development.
| ASD (n = 564) | POP (n = 715) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any GI symptoms (n (%)) | 187 (33.2%) | 81 (11.3%) | <0.00001 |
| Specific GI symptoms (n (%)) | |||
| Vomiting | 33 (5.9%) | 6 (0.8%) | <0.00001 |
| Diarrhea | 50 (8.9%) | 12 (1.7%) | <0.00001 |
| Loose stools | 76 (13.5%) | 24 (3.4%) | <0.00001 |
| Constipation | 132 (23.4%) | 54 (7.6%) | <0.00001 |
| Loose stools alternating with constipation | 71 (12.6%) | 17 (2.4%) | <0.00001 |
| Abdominal pain with meals | 30 (5.3%) | 13 (1.8%) | 0.0006 |
| Abdominal pain relieved by defecation | 42 (7.4%) | 29 (4.1%) | 0.0085 |
| Pain on stooling | 72 (12.8%) | 25 (3.5%) | <0.00001 |
| Gas | 86 (15.2%) | 25 (3.5%) | <0.00001 |
| Male (n (%)) | 453 (80.3%) | 391 (54.7%) | <0.00001 |
| European ancestry (n [%]) | 303 (53.7%) | 501 (70.0%) | <0.00001 |
| Crohn’s disease PGSa (mean [SD]) | −0.08 [1.04] | 0.05 [0.97] | 0.019 |
| Ulcerative colitis PGSa (mean [SD]) | −0.07 [1.04] | 0.078 [0.98] | 0.0093 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease PGSa (mean [SD])a | −0.08 [1.05] | 0.07 [0.95] | 0.0045 |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; GI, gastrointestinal; PGS, polygenic score; POP, population control.
a
Standardized PGS.
*
p-Value reflect univariate, unadjusted associations between GI symptom and ASD status from 2 sample z-test.