Table 4.
Decoupling states for Europe and Central Asian countries.
| Country | 1998–2002 | 2002–2006 | 2006–2010 | 2010–2014 | 2014–2018 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 2.954 | END | 1.784 | END | 1.434 | END | 1.557 | END | 1.364 | END |
| Armenia | −0.282 | SD | 0.244 | WD | 0.185 | WD | 0.317 | WD | 0.260 | WD |
| Austria | 0.713 | WD | 0.698 | WD | 0.331 | WD | −0.138 | SD | −0.057 | SD |
| Azerbaijan | −0.074 | SD | −0.067 | SD | −0.104 | SD | −0.040 | SD | −0.044 | SD |
| Belarus | −0.469 | SD | 0.038 | WD | 0.060 | WD | 0.027 | WD | 0.025 | WD |
| Belgium | −0.688 | SD | −0.424 | SD | −0.397 | SD | −0.741 | SD | −0.514 | SD |
| Bulgaria | −2.591 | SD | −0.092 | SD | −0.227 | SD | −0.301 | SD | −0.252 | SD |
| Croatia | 0.883 | EC | 0.507 | WD | 0.174 | WD | −0.430 | SD | −0.237 | SD |
| Cyprus | 0.428 | WD | 0.506 | WD | 0.355 | WD | 0.081 | WD | 0.150 | WD |
| Czech Republic | −0.032 | SD | 0.039 | WD | −0.095 | SD | −0.329 | SD | −0.185 | SD |
| Denmark | −1.178 | SD | −0.138 | SD | −1.263 | SD | −1.994 | SD | −1.332 | SD |
| Estonia | −0.358 | SD | −0.032 | SD | 0.304 | WD | 0.125 | WD | −0.015 | SD |
| Finland | 0.708 | WD | 0.555 | WD | 0.291 | WD | −0.619 | SD | −0.541 | SD |
| France | −0.242 | SD | −0.128 | SD | −0.402 | SD | −0.753 | SD | −0.535 | SD |
| Georgia | −2.574 | SD | −0.092 | SD | 0.071 | WD | 0.505 | WD | 0.505 | WD |
| Germany | −0.542 | SD | −0.481 | SD | −0.737 | SD | −0.652 | SD | −0.561 | SD |
| Greece | 0.683 | WD | 0.422 | WD | 0.019 | WD | −4.747 | SD | −3.906 | SD |
| Hungary | −0.172 | SD | −0.084 | SD | −0.500 | SD | −0.695 | SD | −0.293 | SD |
| Iceland | 0.294 | WD | 0.200 | WD | −0.215 | SD | −0.085 | SD | 0.027 | WD |
| Ireland | 0.399 | WD | 0.366 | WD | 0.085 | WD | −0.104 | SD | −0.024 | SD |
| Italy | 0.514 | WD | 0.764 | WD | −0.562 | SD | −5.334 | SD | −2.560 | SD |
| Kazakhstan | −0.168 | SD | 0.367 | WD | 0.478 | WD | 0.273 | WD | 0.283 | WD |
| Kyrgyz Republic | −1.165 | SD | −0.330 | SD | 0.084 | WD | 0.612 | WD | 0.610 | WD |
| Latvia | −0.406 | SD | 0.011 | WD | 0.084 | WD | −0.132 | SD | −0.059 | SD |
| Lithuania | −1.431 | SD | −0.195 | SD | −0.252 | SD | −0.307 | SD | −0.193 | SD |
| Luxembourg | 1.284 | END | 1.270 | END | 0.835 | EC | 0.397 | WD | 0.263 | WD |
| Moldova | −1.322 | SD | −0.170 | SD | −0.065 | SD | −0.113 | SD | −0.006 | SD |
| Netherlands | 0.028 | WD | −0.091 | SD | 0.100 | WD | −0.370 | SD | −0.236 | SD |
| North Macedonia | −2.005 | SD | −0.195 | SD | −0.252 | SD | −0.361 | SD | −0.332 | SD |
| Norway | −0.904 | SD | −0.022 | SD | 0.499 | WD | 0.063 | WD | −0.012 | SD |
| Poland | −0.749 | SD | −0.039 | SD | −0.024 | SD | −0.131 | SD | −0.016 | SD |
| Portugal | 1.665 | END | 0.604 | WD | −0.524 | SD | −1.879 | SD | −0.504 | SD |
| Romania | −0.431 | SD | −0.010 | SD | −0.405 | SD | −0.388 | SD | −0.227 | SD |
| Russia | 0.179 | WD | 0.171 | WD | 0.133 | WD | 0.122 | WD | 0.116 | WD |
| Slovak Republic | −0.886 | SD | −0.212 | SD | −0.222 | SD | −0.342 | SD | −0.197 | SD |
| Slovenia | 0.008 | WD | 0.139 | WD | 0.047 | WD | −0.353 | SD | −0.145 | SD |
| Spain | 1.267 | END | 0.966 | EC | 0.187 | WD | −0.196 | SD | 0.018 | WD |
| Sweden | −0.562 | SD | −0.538 | SD | −0.490 | SD | −0.738 | SD | −0.624 | SD |
| Switzerland | −0.206 | SD | 0.153 | WD | 0.078 | WD | −0.273 | SD | −0.312 | SD |
| Tajikistan | −0.627 | SD | −0.036 | SD | −0.085 | SD | 0.276 | WD | 0.511 | WD |
| Turkey | 1.946 | END | 0.857 | EC | 0.995 | EC | 0.730 | WD | 0.768 | WD |
| Turkmenistan | 1.068 | EC | 0.836 | EC | 0.554 | WD | 0.424 | WD | 0.327 | WD |
| Ukraine | −0.082 | SD | −0.027 | SD | −0.212 | SD | −0.440 | SD | −0.809 | SD |
| United Kingdom | 0.088 | WD | 0.134 | WD | −0.354 | SD | −0.633 | SD | −0.702 | SD |
| Uzbekistan | 0.593 | WD | 0.141 | WD | 0.071 | WD | −0.041 | SD | −0.006 | SD |
Source: Authors' computation