Table 6.
Decoupling states for Middle East and North African (MENA) countries.
| Country | 1998–2002 | 2002–2006 | 2006–2010 | 2010–2014 | 2014–2018 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 0.477 | WD | 0.639 | WD | 0.919 | EC | 1.112 | EC | 1.094 | EC |
| Egypt | 0.863 | EC | 1.263 | END | 0.984 | EC | 1.002 | EC | 0.917 | EC |
| Iran | 1.666 | END | 1.606 | END | 1.364 | END | 1.715 | END | 1.470 | END |
| Iraq | −0.089 | SD | 0.088 | WD | 0.761 | WD | 0.934 | EC | 0.829 | EC |
| Israel | 1.468 | END | 0.785 | WD | 0.676 | WD | 0.309 | WD | 0.181 | WD |
| Jordan | 0.773 | WD | 0.649 | WD | 0.391 | WD | 0.622 | WD | 0.493 | WD |
| Kuwait | 5.506 | END | 1.180 | EC | 1.579 | END | 1.201 | END | 1.366 | END |
| Lebanon | 0.439 | WD | −0.005 | SD | 0.373 | WD | 0.568 | WD | 0.731 | WD |
| Libya | −12.968 | SND | 0.599 | WD | 0.738 | WD | −4.235 | SND | 3.391 | END |
| Malta | −0.078 | SD | 0.293 | WD | 0.149 | WD | −0.009 | SD | −0.238 | SD |
| Morocco | 1.660 | END | 1.199 | EC | 1.088 | EC | 1.029 | EC | 0.951 | EC |
| Oman | 5.341 | END | 6.649 | END | 3.886 | END | 3.830 | END | 3.529 | END |
| Qatar | 6.135 | END | 1.516 | END | 0.873 | EC | 0.859 | EC | 0.909 | EC |
| Saudi Arabia | −6.569 | SND | 1.564 | END | 2.179 | END | 1.779 | END | 1.400 | END |
| Tunisia | 0.885 | EC | 0.656 | WD | 0.664 | WD | 0.655 | WD | 0.631 | WD |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.921 | EC | 0.716 | WD | 1.411 | END | 1.143 | EC | 1.076 | EC |
Source: Authors' computation