Table 3.
Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all cause and cause specific mortality among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compared with matched unaffected people, further adjusted for different groups of psychiatric comorbidities
| Cause of death | Hazard ratio (95% CI) of model 3 plus additional adjustment for specific disorder group* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuro-developmental disorders | Psychotic disorders | Bipolar disorders | Depressive disorders | Anxiety disorders | Eating disorders | Substance use disorders | |
| All cause mortality | 1.74 (1.68 to 1.81) | 1.64 (1.58 to 1.70) | 1.72 (1.66 to 1.78) | 1.55 (1.50 to 1.61) | 1.61 (1.55 to 1.68) | 1.81 (1.74 to 1.87) | 1.53 (1.48 to 1.59) |
| Natural causes of death | 1.29 (1.24 to 1.34) | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.27) | 1.27 (1.22 to 1.32) | 1.19 (1.15 to 1.25) | 1.23 (1.18 to 1.29) | 1.31 (1.26 to 1.36) | 1.17 (1.13 to 1.22) |
| Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.55) | 1.23 (0.94 to 1.62) | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.59) | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.49) | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.40) | 1.22 (0.94 to 1.59) | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.39) |
| Neoplasms | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.93) | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.91) | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.93) | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.94) | 0.83 (0.77 to 0.90) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94) | 0.83 (0.77 to 0.90) |
| Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.76) | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.75) | 0.87 (0.45 to 1.66) | 0.83 (0.43 to 1.61) | 1.01 (0.52 to 1.93) | 0.96 (0.52 to 1.76) | 0.97 (0.52 to 1.79) |
| Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | 1.48 (1.23 to 1.79) | 1.48 (1.22 to 1.80) | 1.44 (1.19 to 1.75) | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.60) | 1.38 (1.12 to 1.69) | 1.54 (1.27 to 1.85) | 1.39 (1.15 to 1.68) |
| Mental and behavioural disorders | 1.61 (1.40 to 1.85) | 1.43 (1.24 to 1.66) | 1.53 (1.32 to 1.76) | 1.45 (1.25 to 1.69) | 1.44 (1.24 to 1.68) | 1.56 (1.36 to 1.80) | 1.39 (1.21 to 1.61) |
| Diseases of the nervous system | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.40) | 1.14 (0.95 to 1.37) | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.43) | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.24) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.36) | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.44) | 1.19 (0.99 to 1.42) |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | 1.33 (1.26 to 1.41) | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.37) | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.40) | 1.26 (1.19 to 1.34) | 1.32 (1.24 to 1.40) | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.44) | 1.27 (1.20 to 1.34) |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | 1.68 (1.49 to 1.89) | 1.54 (1.36 to 1.73) | 1.58 (1.40 to 1.78) | 1.43 (1.26 to 1.62) | 1.43 (1.26 to 1.62) | 1.66 (1.48 to 1.87) | 1.50 (1.33 to 1.69) |
| Diseases of the digestive system | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.41) | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.38) | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.41) | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.24) | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.27) | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.42) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) |
| Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | 0.98 (0.57 to 1.69) | 1.01 (0.59 to 1.74) | 0.92 (0.53 to 1.60) | 0.82 (0.46 to 1.44) | 1.09 (0.62 to 1.91) | 1.02 (0.60 to 1.73) | 1.02 (0.60 to 1.74) |
| Diseases of the genitourinary system | 1.52 (1.14 to 2.02) | 1.34 (1.00 to 1.81) | 1.37 (1.02 to 1.84) | 1.24 (0.91 to 1.69) | 1.33 (0.99 to 1.80) | 1.52 (1.15 to 2.02) | 1.50 (1.13 to 2.00) |
| Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities | 0.69 (0.35 to 1.39) | 0.62 (0.31 to 1.24) | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.45) | 0.74 (0.36 to 1.51) | 0.70 (0.34 to 1.43) | 0.66 (0.33 to 1.30) | 0.68 (0.34 to 1.35) |
| Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.60) | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.60) | 1.35 (1.10 to 1.65) | 1.18 (0.95 to 1.46) | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.39) | 1.40 (1.15 to 1.71) | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.48) |
| Other natural causes of death† | 1.16 (0.78 to 1.73) | 1.27 (0.85 to 1.90) | 1.12 (0.74 to 1.67) | 0.83 (0.53 to 1.30) | 0.92 (0.59 to 1.42) | 1.20 (0.82 to 1.78) | 1.18 (0.79 to 1.75) |
| Unnatural causes of death (external causes of morbidity and mortality) | 2.98 (2.75 to 3.24) | 2.89 (2.65 to 3.14) | 2.96 (2.72 to 3.21) | 2.17 (1.98 to 2.37) | 2.19 (2.00 to 2.39) | 3.19 (2.94 to 3.46) | 2.53 (2.32 to 2.76) |
| Accidents | 1.72 (1.50 to 1.98) | 1.77 (1.54 to 2.04) | 1.80 (1.57 to 2.26) | 1.55 (1.34 to 1.79) | 1.37 (1.18 to 1.59) | 1.90 (1.66 to 2.17) | 1.43 (1.24 to 1.65) |
| Suicides | 4.43 (3.96 to 4.96) | 4.14 (3.70 to 4.64) | 4.27 (3.82 to 4.78) | 2.68 (2.38 to 3.02) | 2.95 (2.61 to 3.32) | 4.66 (4.17 to 5.19) | 3.75 (3.33 to 4.21) |
| Other unnatural causes of death | 1.20 (0.70 to 2.08) | 1.42 (0.82 to 2.45) | 1.41 (0.83 to 2.39) | 1.60 (0.91 to 2.84) | 1.22 (0.70 to 2.14) | 1.39 (0.82 to 2.35) | 1.16 (0.67 to 1.99) |
*
Adjusted for all matching variables (sex, birth year, county of residence at time of OCD diagnosis), migrant status (Swedish born v born abroad), latest recorded highest level of education, family income level, and civil status, and specified group of psychiatric comorbidities.
†
Includes all groups with small number of deaths (≤10) in OCD cohort and causes of death classified in ICD as “codes for special purposes.”