Table 2.
Pharmacokinetic properties of GB and its preparations.
| Species | Dose | Pharmacokinetic parameter of GB | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Humans | 3 EGb 761™ tablets (the amount of GB is 836.46 μg) |
Cmax = 10.90 ± 5.59 ng/mL Tmax = 2.00 ± 1.63 h AUClast = 37.54 ± 17.35 ng/mL·h AUCtot = 71.73 ± 26.98 ng/mL·h %AUCextra = 38.10 ± 12.20 t1/2 = 3.94 ± 1.42 h |
Karin et al.187 |
| 90 drops (2.73 mL) Geriaforce™ tincture (the amount of GB is 147.45 μg) |
Cmax = 1.45 ± 0.98 ng/mL Tmax = 0.88 ± 0.38 h AUClast = 2.99 ± 3.22 ng/mL·h AUCtot = 6.17 ± 3.77 ng/mL·h %AUCextra = 20.53 ± 12.05 t1/2 = 2.34 ± 0.81 h |
||
| 4 Ginkgo fresh plant extract tablets (the amount of GB is 524.56 μg) |
Cmax = 4.61 ± 2.87 ng/mL Tmax = 2.35 ± 2.27 h AUClast = 15.45 ± 13.44 ng/mL·h AUCtot = 29.86 ± 25.08 ng/mL·h %AUCextra = 43.48 ± 27.64 t1/2 = 4.01 ± 2.58 h |
||
| Beagle dogs | 20 mg/kg conventional GB tablet | AUC0–t = 236.2 ± 81.14 μg/L·h AUC0-∞ = 246.8 ± 92.08 μg/L·h MRT0–t = 5.65 ± 3.42 h MRT0–∞ = 6.58 ± 3.54 h t1/2 = 4.45 ± 3.04 h Tmax = 3.73 ± 1.21 h CLz/F = 90.94 ± 33.97 L/h/kg Vz/F = 560.2 ± 405.4 L/kg Cmax = 66.64 ± 29.30 μg/L |
Zhao et al.188 |
| 20 mg/kg GB capsule made from hot-melt extrusion technology | AUC0–t = 606.7 ± 125.03 μg/L·h AUC0–∞ = 672.0 ± 59.89 μg/L·h MRT0–t = 4.18 ± 1.55 h MRT0-∞ = 8.75 ± 7.63 h T1/2 = 4.14 ± 1.81 h Tmax = 0.80 ± 0.18 h CLz/F = 29.96 ± 2.70 L/h/kg Vz/F = 405.7 ± 398.5 L/kg Cmax = 309.2 ± 106.0 μg/L |
||
| 20 mg/kg GB pellet created using liquid layer technology | AUC0–t = 419.1 ± 55.58 μg/L·h AUC0–∞ = 438.9 ± 71.14 μg/L·h MRT0–t = 3.53 ± 1.77 h MRT0–∞ = 4.30 ± 2.38 h t1/2 = 3.14 ± 1.80 h Tmax = 1.20 ± 1.04 h CLz/F = 46.68 ± 8.65 L/h/kg Vz/F = 216.1 ± 132.4 L/kg Cmax = 192.4 ± 84.22 μg/L |
||
| Beagle dogs | 80 mg/kg EGb |
Cmax = 16.23 ± 8.39 ng/mL tmax = 0.25 ± 0.37 h AUC0–t = 19.86 ± 6.33 ng/mL·h AUC0–∞ = 20.49 ± 6.26 ng/mL·h MRT = 2.03 ± 0.26 h F = 33.70% |
Chai et al.191 |
| Rats | 40 mg/kg EGb |
Cmax = 13447.10 ± 4137.57 ng/mL Tmax = 2.08 ± 1.02 h t1/2 = 3.86 ± 3.53 h AUC0–t = 82680.76 ± 22792.87 ng/mL·h |
Guan et al.192 |
| Rats | 3 mg/kg total ginkgolides for 7 days |
C5 min = 4608.3 ± 755.6 ng/mL T1/2 = 2.0 ± 0.7 h AUC0–6t = 2016.9 ± 671.9 μg/L·h AUC0–∞ = 2117.7 ± 739.5 μg/L·h |
Wang et al.189 |
Cmax: maximum plasma concentration; Tmax: time of maximum plasma concentration; AUC: area under the plasma concentration–time curve; %AUCextra: percentage of the area extrapolated for calculation of AUC from time zero to infinity; AUCtot: the total AUC; AUClast: AUC from the time of dosing to the time of the last measurable concentration; t1/2: elimination half-time; CL: clearance; MRT: mean residence time; Vz: apparent volume of distribution; F: bioavailability.