Figure 4. Associations between R-indices and lifestyle, cognition, and CSF/Plasma biomarkers.
a. The five R-indices have distinct levels of association with different cognitive variables. Partial correlation was used for testing the associations between R-indices and cognitive scores, adjusting for age and sex. Additional site adjustments were performed for MMSE, DSST, TMT-A, and TMT-B to account for the utilization of multi-site data. Significantly associated R-indices are marked by * (p< 1.25×10−3, Bonferroni-corrected). b. Among the R-indices, R2, R3, and R5 have significant associations (marked by *) with 11 CSF/plasma biomarkers obtained from the ADNI study (p<6×10−4). The CSF biomarkers are labeled in blue, and the plasma biomarkers are labeled in red. The radial graph presents the values and standard deviations of the correlation coefficients. For easier visualization, we invert the signs of negative coefficient (denoted by |ρ|) when making the plot. The “+” and “−“ signs alongside the biomarker names indicate positive and negative correlations. Due to the small sample sizes, the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used for FDR correction. c. The five R-indices show significant associations with a group of environmental/lifestyle factors and life events from the UKBB study (p<8.7×10−5, Bonferroni-corrected). Partial correlation adjusting for age and sex was used, as in (a). The number of “*” indicates correlation coefficients (legend). Positive and negative associations are denoted by “+” and “−” signs respectively, adjacent to the factor names.