Table 5.

Predictors of L1 and L2 naming accuracy in bilingual persons with aphasia in the Boston Naming Test.

	Beta	SE	z-value	Pr (>|z|)
BPWA L1 Model
Intercept	−1.7494	.294	−5.943	< .001 ***
L1 WAB-R AQ	2.411	.240	10.032	< .001 ***
Lexical Frequency 1	1.038	.216	4.799	< .001 ***
L1 Confidence/Family Proficiency	.569	.224	2.544	.011 *
L2 Ability/Use	−.231	.185	−1.244	.213
Phoneme/Grapheme Overlap	.161	.200	.804	.420
Lexical Frequency1 × L2 Ability/Use	−.195	.092	−2.119	.034 *
Phoneme/Grapheme Overlap × L1 Confidence/Family Proficiency	−.226	.115	−1.963	.049 *
BPWA L2 Model
Intercept	−1.856	.248	−7.471	< .001 ***
L2 WAB-R AQ	2.432	.223	10.858	< .001 ***
Lexical Frequency 1	.955	.184	5.170	< .001 ***
L1 Confidence/Family Proficiency	.064	.177	.364	.716
L2 Ability/Use	.545	.209	2.600	.009 **
Phoneme/Grapheme Overlap	.333	.177	1.879	.060
Phoneme/Grapheme Overlap × L1 Confidence/Family Proficiency	.130	.066	1.958	.050

Parameter estimates, (standard errors), z-values, and p-values of fixed-effect terms in the statistical models of L1 and L2 naming accuracy for bilingual persons with aphasia. All statistically significant results are marked in bold. p-values were estimated using the ‘lmerTest’ package in R (Kuznetsova et al., 2017).

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^***p < .001.

L1 = first-acquired language; L2 = second-acquired language; BPWA = bilingual persons with aphasia; WAB-R = Western Aphasia Battery – Revised; AQ = Aphasia Quotient; SE = standard error.

¹Log-transformed.