Table 2.
Prospective Cohort Studies by EPA and DHA Levels in Primary Prevention of CVD by Sex and Race
| Study Year |
# subjects Female/male |
Mean age Follow-up |
Race ethnicity | Characteristics (exposure) n-3 type and dosage |
Endpoint | Outcome of the exposure or intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular Health Study12 2013 |
2,692 63.7% women Adjusted for sex except length of life reported separately for women and similar to men |
74 years 16 years |
687 Blacks (11.7%) Adjusted for white race |
Highest Quintile EPA+DHA compared to lowest Highest Quintile EPA compared to lowest Highest Quintile DHA Compared to lowest |
Total mortality | 27%↓ HR:0.73, 95% CI, 0.61-0.86, P trend 0.008 Highest quintile lived 2.2 years longer than lowest 17% ↓ HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.71-0.98; P trend < 0.005 20% ↓HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67-0.94; P trend 0.006 |
| MESA13 2013 |
2,837 52% female Men and women reported separately |
61.5 years 10 years 2000-2010 |
White n=724 African American n=697 Chinese American n=711 Hispanic n=705 |
Top quartile EPA+DHA compared to lowest Top quartile EPA by sex Top quartile DHA by sex |
Incident CVD Total group Women Men Women Men |
HR 0.49 and 0.39 for EPA and DHA, respectively, for incident CVD; P trend <0.001 HR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17-0.88 HR 58; 95% CI: 0.30-1.11 HR 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12- 0.87 HR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20-0.86 |
| MESA14 2018 |
6,568 2,837 women 52.9% female |
Mean age 62.1 years 15.6 years |
Black: n=1,799 27.4% | Inverse association between DHA levels and CVD events in Black subjects | Incident MI, cardiac arrest, stroke, CHD or stroke death | aHR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34-0.90 |
Abbreviations: aHR indicates adjusted hazard ratio; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HR, hazard ratio; MESA, Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MI, myocardial infarction; n-3, omega-3.