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. 2023 Nov 29;625(7995):540–547. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a,b, Putative migration routes of BSP inferred using pairwise F_ST values (a) and after removing the Zambian Lozi population from the analyses (b). Arrow colours correspond to north-western Bantu speakers 2 (NW-BSP 2; brown; one arrow between Cameroon and CAR), west-western Bantu speakers (WW-BSP; green), south-western Bantu speakers (SW-BSP; dark blue) and eastern Bantu speakers (E-BSP; red). c, Spatial visualization of effective migration rates (EEMS software) estimated with the masked Only-BSP dataset. log(m) denotes the effective migration rate on a log₁₀ scale, relative to the overall migration rate across the habitat. Populations are coloured according to each Bantu-speaking linguistic group (brown, green, dark blue and red dots). d, GenGrad analysis using F_ST as the genetic distance for the admixture-masked BSP dataset. Hexagons of the grid were plotted with a colour scale representing the F_ST gradient (key).