Extended Data Table 2.

Genetic affinity of ancient individuals to modern BSP

Genetic affinities were estimated using the f3-statistic, in the form f3(Yoruba; ancient sample, BSP). Positive values of f3 indicate increasing genetic affinity between modern BSP and each ancient individual. The first six individuals are from current-day South Africa (UPS013, UPS017a, UPS029, WUD034, WUD037 and WUD038b) and the remaining six individuals from current-day Zambia (WUD003, WUD004, WUD008, WUD010, WUD012 and WUD018). Radiocarbon calibrated ages and genome statistics are reported in Supplementary Table 14. All South African ancient individuals show greater affinity to current-day BSP, whereas Zambian ancient individuals show less clear affinity patterns, supporting the notion that current-day Zambia was a crossroad of interaction.