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. 2024 Jan 10;625(7995):535–539. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06900-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 8 — a, Pollen and charcoal analysis plotted as percentage pollen divided into arboreal, non-arboreal and ferns. Micro (grey dashed line) and macrocharcoal (black solid line) have been plotted over the top to aid comparison. b, Stable isotope analysis of fossil and modern P. weidenreichi and G. blacki teeth. The data points have been divided into arboreal dominated and more open grasslands dominated isotopic values and display a shift in ecological preference by P. weidenreichi but not G. blacki. c, A selection of micrographs from the pre-EW (Queque Cave), EW (Shuangtan Cave) and post-EW (Mafeng Cave). i: Weathered coprolite in calcite rich-clay matrix, indicating faunal habitation at Queque Cave during stable, lower energetic, environmental conditions (2.5×, PPL). We used the point-counting method to assess the relative abundance of a particular feature and test for reproducibility between point-counts. Micrograph from thin section CQQ-A. ii: Phosphatized bone fragment with calcite inclusion (arrows) in a sandy matrix at Shuangtan Cave, indicating unstable, higher energetic, environmental conditions (2.5×, XPL left and PPL right). Micrograph from thin section CSHT-A. iii: Lighter coloured sandy-silty banded remnant feature with (Fe, Ti and/or Al) oxide stains in clayish matrix at Mafeng Cave, indicating a recovery from unstable, higher energetic to stable, lower energetic, environmental conditions (2.5×, PPL). Micrograph from thin section CMF-B.