Extended Data Fig. 10. Behavioural proxies used in this study.

a, A ²⁰⁸Pb/⁴³Ca elemental map of a left M3 G. blacki tooth (CSQ0811-5) from the early site of Queque showing distinct lead banding. b, The same scan of a male right P3 (CSQSN-31) also showing the distinct banding. c, Teeth from Shuangtan and d, Hejiang, showing the banding has lessened and become more blurred. e, Lower right M₃ of G. blacki (left, SAN231) and P. weidenreichi (right, DXH3) teeth showing facet 9 (red shade), close the tip crushing point. 2D occlusal maps of the scanned areas are indicated by the blue arrows. f, Scatterplots with DMTA results for complexity (Asfc, x axis) versus anisotropy (epLsar, y axis). Symbols indicate the molar type and colour shades represent the three different species (G. blacki, P. weidenreichi and P. pygmaeus). All individual molars (n = 41) are plotted to visualize the dietary differences at species level. g, Individual molars are plotted per site (n = 14 of which 12 from China), following the geochronology from Early Pleistocene (top left) to Holocene (bottom right). Data visualization was performed in R Studio 1.4.1717.