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. 2024 Jan 10;625(7995):535–539. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06900-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a–d, Data relate to timing (a), environment (b) and behaviour (c,d) presented by sites. a, Modelled age ranges of each cave (n = 22 caves) using the minimum and maximum age of the fossil-bearing unit (n = 157 samples). The caves (x axis) versus age (y axis), with G. blacki (green circles) and non-G. blacki (orange circles) breccia. The data points represent mean ages with s.d. at 2σ uncertainties. The insets are modelled breccia from Queque (i) and Baxian (ii). G, G. blacki-bearing breccia; F1, overlying flowstone; and Non-G, absence of G. blacki. Data points are mean ages with s.d. at 2σ uncertainties. The black horizontal rectangles (with dashed lines) represent the boundary according to the modelling (Supplementary Information section 2 and Supplementary Fig. S1a–v). The modelled EW is the vertical grey line. b, Percentage pollen from the sites in a representing arboreal (green), non-arboreal (yellow) and ferns (orange). The pie charts provide an average of pollen changes for pre- (left) and post-extinction (right). c, DMTA boxplot series according to age of 12 caves (x axis) versus molar microwear complexity (Asfc, top, y axis) and anisotropy (epLsar, bottom, y axis) of G. blacki (red, n = 16) and P. weidenreichi (blue, n = 22). The boxplots size ranges represent mean complexity and anisotropy values per site. Data are presented as mean values ± interquartile range and whiskers at 95% CI (Supplementary Table S28). d, Trace elemental mapping of G. blacki and P. weidenreichi. Sr/Ca (i) and Ba/Ca (ii) of a right M3 G. blacki tooth (CSQSN-44) and Sr/Ca map from a right M2 P. weidenreichi tooth (CSQ0811-4) (iii) all from Queque Cave. Below, Sr/Ca (iv) and Ba/Ca (v) from a P4 tooth of G. blacki (ST_02_109) compared to Sr/Ca (vi) from a left M3 tooth of P. weidenreichi (CLMST0911-118) all from Shuangtan Cave. a.u., arbitrary units.

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