Fig. 6. Nisin treatment attenuates the burden of total bacterial and periodontal pathogens into the small intestine and liver.

In order to further assess the bacterial load on gut-liver-axis, the number of total bacteria and periodontal pathogens was measured in the small bowel feces (A–C) and liver samples (D–F) using RT-PCR in the manner of absolute quantification. Box-plots display the median, first quartiles (25th percentile), third quartiles (75th percentile), and minimum and maximum whiskers, with all data points plotted. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 between groups with Tukey test (n = 5).