Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants according to NAFLD by sex†.
| Characteristic | UK Biobank, n=14,348 |
NJHE Cohort, n=11,211 |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|||||||||
| NAFLD, n=1,738 | No NAFLD, n=4,332 | p-value | NAFLD, n=1,595 | No NAFLD, n=6,683 | p-value | NAFLD, n=2,029 | No NAFLD, n=3,040 | p-value | NAFLD, n=823 | No NAFLD, n=5,319 | p-value | |
| Age, year | 55.05 (7.42) | 55.25 (7.80) | 0.363 | 54.41 (7.03) | 53.66 (7.36) | <0.001 | 39.09 (10.91) | 36.55 (10.79) | <0.001 | 44.89 (11.84) | 37.46 (9.40) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White ethnicity/Han nationality | 1,685 (96.95) | 4,200 (96.95) | 0.657 | 1,551 (97.24) | 6,536 (97.80) | 0.220 | 1,984 (97.78) | 2,982 (98.09) | 0.443 | 811 (98.54) | 5,226 (98.25) | 0.550 |
| Other | 50 (2.88) | 119 (2.75) | 42 (2.63) | 133 (1.99) | 45 (2.22) | 58 (1.91) | 12 (1.46) | 93 (1.75) | ||||
| Unknown | 3 (0.17) | 13 (0.30) | 2 (0.13) | 14 (0.21) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| College or University degree | 702 (40.39) | 2,192 (50.60) | <0.001 | 576 (36.11) | 3,083 (46.13) | <0.001 | 1,899 (93.59) | 2,907 (95.63) | 0.001 | 712 (86.51) | 5,023 (94.44) | <0.001 |
| Other level | 875 (50.35) | 1,810 (41.78) | 836 (52.41) | 3,109 (46.52) | 130 (6.41) | 133 (4.38) | 110 (13.37) | 295 (5.55) | ||||
| Unknown | 161 (9.26) | 330 (7.62) | 183 (11.47) | 491 (7.35) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.12) | 1 (0.02) | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.16 (4.10) | 26.19 (3.34) | <0.001 | 29.56 (5.09) | 25.25 (4.04) | <0.001 | 26.71 (3.02) | 23.44 (2.50) | <0.001 | 25.62 (3.33) | 21.49 (2.33) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 744 (42.81) | 2,181 (50.35) | <0.001 | 600 (37.62) | 2,965 (44.37) | <0.001 | 416 (20.50) | 489 (16.09) | <0.001 | 242 (29.40) | 1,559 (29.31) | 0.393 |
| No | 773 (44.48) | 1,632 (37.67) | 706 (44.26) | 2,554 (38.22) | 1,613 (79.50) | 2,547 (83.78) | 577 (70.11) | 3,748 (70.46) | ||||
| Unknown | 221 (12.72) | 519 (11.98) | 289 (18.12) | 1,164 (17.42) | 0 | 4 (0.13) | 4 (0.49) | 12 (0.23) | ||||
| Drinking status | ||||||||||||
| Never | 44 (2.53) | 104 (2.40) | 0.985 | 64 (4.01) | 191 (2.86) | 0.107 | 1,520 (74.91) | 2,312 (76.05) | 0.488 | 791 (96.11) | 5,155 (96.92) | 0.003 |
| Former | 47 (2.70) | 114 (2.63) | 33 (2.07) | 149 (2.23) | 9 (0.44) | 11 (0.36) | 0 | 1 (0.02) | ||||
| Current | 1,646 (94.71) | 4,112 (94.92) | 1,498 (93.92) | 6,342 (94.90) | 499 (24.59) | 717 (23.59) | 30 (3.65) | 163 (3.06) | ||||
| Unknown | 1 (0.06) | 2 (0.05) | 0 | 1 (0.01) | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 2 (0.24) | 0 | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 914 (52.59) | 2,628 (60.66) | <0.001 | 900 (56.43) | 4,413 (66.03) | <0.001 | 1,003 (49.43) | 1,742 (57.30) | <0.001 | 502 (61.00) | 3,491 (65.63) | 0.051 |
| Passive smoker | 258 (14.84) | 626 (14.45) | 252 (15.80) | 755 (11.30) | 290 (14.29) | 450 (14.80) | 315 (38.27) | 1,785 (33.56) | ||||
| Former smoker | 472 (27.16) | 902 (20.82) | 346 (21.69) | 1,258 (18.82) | 160 (7.89) | 165 (5.43) | 1 (0.12) | 15 (0.28) | ||||
| Current smoker | 94 (5.41) | 176 (4.06) | 97 (6.08) | 257 (3.85) | 576 (28.39) | 683 (22.47) | 5 (0.61) | 28 (0.53) | ||||
| Pack years of smoking | 24.32 (18.70) | 19.37 (15.80) | <0.001 | 20.26 (15.54) | 15.66 (12.14) | <0.001 | 12.11(12.97) | 10.24(12.79) | 0.004 | 5.95(6.78) | 2.40(3.31) | 0.042 |
| Duration of smoking cessation, year | 18.51 (11.49) | 22.04 (11.57) | <0.001 | 17.62 (11.26) | 19.41 (11.12) | 0.005 | 6.91(8.30) | 5.96(7.24) | 0.366 | 1.13(1.24) | 4.58(3.62) | 0.012 |
| Exposure of SHS at home, hour per week‡ | 0.50 (4.16) | 0.21 (2.59) | 0.007 | 0.41 (3.56) | 0.27 (2.88) | 0.168 | 19.07 (13.06) | 16.01 (12.38) | 0.007 | 21.17 (11.03) | 16.72 (10.13) | <0.001 |
| Exposure of SHS outside home, hour per week§ | 0.48 (2.58) | 0.32 (1.62) | 0.013 | 0.38 (1.89) | 0.21 (0.86) | <0.001 | 2.01 (2.65) | 1.86 (2.58) | 0.216 | 1.58 (2.54) | 1.58 (2.39) | 0.999 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.16 (1.17) | 4.95 (0.83) | <0.001 | 5.07 (1.05) | 4.91 (0.71) | <0.001 | 5.34 (1.18) | 4.99 (0.65) | <0.001 | 5.47 (1.35) | 4.87 (0.50) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.27 (1.17) | 1.76 (0.91) | <0.001 | 1.84 (0.92) | 1.31 (0.65) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.53) | 1.33 (0.82) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.10) | 1.01 (0.49) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.19 (0.24) | 1.31 (0.27) | <0.001 | 1.48 (0.31) | 1.66 (0.34) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.20) | 1.29 (0.25) | <0.001 | 1.29 (0.25) | 1.54 (0.29) | <0.001 |
| Waist-hip Ratio | 0.95 (0.06) | 0.91 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.06) | 0.79 (0.06) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
†p-values were calculated using Student’s t-test for equal variances, Kruskal-Wallis test for unequal variances and χ2 tests for categorical variables. Values are mean (SD) or n (%).‡The unit of this variable in NJHE Cohort is year. §The unit of this variable in NJHE Cohort is hour per day. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SHS, secondhand smoke.