Table 1.

Main participant characteristics and outcomes.

	T0		T1		T2		T3		ANOVA
	CON	INC	CON	INC	CON	INC	CON	INC	Time × group	Time
Sex
Men	6 (37%)	7 (47%)
Women	10 (63%)	8 (53%)
Anthropometric data
Age (years)	46.9 ± 7.8	45.9 ± 9.0
Height (cm)	170.6 ± 9.9	171.2 ± 5.3
Weight (kg)	75 ± 16	75 ± 12	74 ± 15	74 ± 11	74 ± 15	73 ± 10	74 ± 16	71 ± 10	NS	P = 0.001
BMI (kg m−2)	25.5 ± 3.3	25.4 ± 3.5	25.2 ± 3.2	25.3 ± 3.3	25.2 ± 3.2	24.8 ± 3.1	25.0 ± 3.4	24.3 ± 3.0	NS	NS
Body fat (%)	23 ± 4	22 ± 4	23 ± 4	22 ± 4	23 ± 5	21 ± 4	22 ± 5	20 ± 4	NS	P = 0.001
Hemodynamic characteristics at rest
HR (bpm)	69 ± 9	68 ± 6	65 ± 8	67 ± 6	67 ± 8	64 ± 5	67 ± 8	61 ± 5	P = 0.001	P = 0.000
Systolic BP (mmHg)	119 ± 7	121 ± 10	118 ± 8	119 ± 8	118 ± 12	117 ± 8	122 ± 11	118 ± 9	NS	NS
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	79 ± 7	81 ± 8	78 ± 5	79 ± 6	79 ± 9	80 ± 6	81 ± 7	79 ± 7	NS	NS
Peak exercise performance
VO2max (ml min−1)	2,596 ± 545	2,524 ± 514	2,625 ± 576	2,610 ± 545	2,514 ± 530	2,544 ± 513	2,584 ± 577	2,666 ± 536	NS	P = 0.003
VO2max (ml min−1 kg−1)	34.9 ± 3.6	34.0 ± 5.2	35.6 ± 4.5	35.2 ± 5.5	34.1 ± 3.9	35.0 ± 5.1	35.3 ± 4.0	37.3 ± 4.9	P = 0.02	P = 0.001
Vmax (km h−1)	11.3 ± 1.4	10.9 ± 1.4	12.1 ± 1.4	11.7 ± 1.5	12.3 ± 1.6	12.1 ± 1.5	12.3 ± 1.6	12.6 ± 1.4	P = 0.000	P = 0.000
HRmax (bpm)	186 ± 12	182 ± 13	184 ± 12	184 ± 13	186 ± 12	180 ± 12	185 ± 11	181 ± 12	NS	NS
Lamax (mmol L−1)	9.5 ± 2.2	8.4 ± 2.1	9.8 ± 2.1	9.4 ± 3.0	9.8 ± 1.8	8.9 ± 2.8	9.5 ± 2.2	9.4 ± 2.0	NS	NS
RERmax	1.2 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.0	1.3 ± 0.0	1.2 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	NS	NS
Submaximal exercise performance
RE (ml kg−1 km−1)	161 ± 50	157 ± 75	157 ± 52	148 ± 74	148 ± 46	150 ± 67	150 ± 47	152 ± 73	NS	P = 0.004

T0, T0a and T0b; HR, heart rate; BP, blood pressure; La_max, maximum lactate; RER_max, maximum respiratory exchange ratio; NS, not significant.

Values are mean ± SD.