Table 1.
Sample characteristics of the paternal study sample.
| Boys | Girls | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Child’s age at assessment (years) | 36 | 6.68 (0.48) | 25 | 6.64 (0.63) | 6.66 (0.54) |
| Season of hormone samplinga | 36 | 1.94 (1.01) | 25 | 2.36 (0.21) | 2.12 (1.03) |
| Time of day of first hormone sampling (hh:mm) | 36 | 15:45 (0:44) | 25 | 15:38 (0:45) | 15:43 (0:44) |
| Mother highest level of educationb (at prenatal assessment) | 36 | 6.75 (1.52) | 25 | 6.90 (1.22) | 6.81 (1.40) |
| Father highest level of educationb (at prenatal assessment) | 36 | 6.64 (1.76) | 25 | 6.52 (1.33) | 6.59 (1.56) |
| Annual household incomec (at prenatal assessment) | 36 | 7.25 (2.27) | 25 | 7.44 (2.02) | 7.33 (2.16) |
| Paternal predictors [scale range] | |||||
| Prenatal assessment | |||||
| CES-D [0–12] | 35 | 0.83 (1.44) | 23 | 0.83 (1.07) | 0.83 (1.30) |
| PSS [0–12] | 35 | 3.26 (2.65) | 23 | 3.83 (2.84) | 3.48 (2.72) |
| STR [0–44] | 35 | 6.20 (6.23) | 23 | 5.30 (4.72) | 5.85 (5.65) |
| Childhood assessment | |||||
| BAI [0–63] | 31 | 4.03 (3.92) | 24 | 3.62 (4.76) | 3.85 (4.27) |
| BDI [0–63] | 31 | 3.82 (4.97) | 24 | 4.04 (3.84) | 3.91 (4.47) |
| Maternal predictors [scale range] | |||||
| Prenatal assessment | |||||
| CES-D [0–30] | 34 | 7.55 (5.18) | 21 | 8.33 (4.82) | 7.85 (5.02) |
| PSS [0–12] | 34 | 3.79 (3.01) | 22 | 4.73 (3.07) | 4.16 (3.04) |
| STR [0–44] | 29 | 6.62 (4.92) | 23 | 6.61 (5.51) | 6.61 (5.13) |
| Childhood assessment | |||||
| BAI [0–63] | 36 | 6.22 (7.70) | 25 | 5.60 (4.93) | 5.97 (6.67) |
| BDI [0–63] | 36 | 6.67 (7.64) | 25 | 7.96 (8.22) | 7.20 (7.84) |
| Child outcomes [scale ranges] | |||||
| Baseline DHEA (pg/mL) | 33 | 58.28 (67.28) | 25 | 51.55 (57.42) | 55.38 (62.78) |
| Baseline DHEA-S (pg/mL) | 24 | 897.67 (2852.53) | 13 | 212.49 (279.24) | 656.93 (2309.67) |
| DHEA Imputed (pg/mL) | 36 | 55.32 (65.33) | 25 | 51.55 (57.42) | 53.77 (61.74) |
| DHEA-S Imputed (pg/mL) | 36 | 684.00 (2346.10) | 25 | 403.87 (612.18) | 569.19 (1838.47) |
| Anterior pituitary volume (mm3) | 34 | 347.21 (71.59) | 23 | 385.06 (109.61) | 362.48 (89.95) |
| Posterior pituitary volume (mm3) | 34 | 89.89 (27.40) | 23 | 80.39 (29.96) | 86.05 (28.58) |
| Total pituitary volume (mm3) | 34 | 437.10 (78.22) | 23 | 465.45 (114.96) | 448.54 (94.84) |
| SDQ [0–10 for each subscale] | |||||
| Internalizing [0–20]d | 36 | 2.72 (2.32) | 25 | 2.04 (2.52) | 2.44 (2.41) |
| Externalizing [0–20]e | 36 | 5.86 (4.54) | 25 | 5.36 (4.17) | 5.66 (4.37) |
| Emotional subscale | 36 | 1.75 (1.95) | 25 | 1.32 (1.84) | 1.57 (1.90) |
| Peer subscale | 36 | 0.97 (1.25) | 25 | 0.72 (0.94) | 0.87 (1.13) |
| Conduct subscale | 36 | 2.00 (1.99) | 25 | 1.52 (1.71) | 1.80 (1.88) |
| Hyperactivity subscale | 36 | 3.83 (3.01) | 25 | 3.84 (2.98) | 3.85 (2.97) |
| Prosocial subscale | 36 | 8.61 (1.70) | 25 | 8.64 (1.60) | 8.62 (1.64) |
| WISC-V | |||||
| Full Scale | 36 | 112.56 (13.73) | 25 | 111.20 (11.75) | 112.00 (12.87) |
| Verbal | 36 | 112.72 (15.44) | 25 | 113.76 (9.88) | 113.15 (13.25) |
| Fluid reasoning | 36 | 110.08 (11.79) | 25 | 108.72 (13.87) | 109.53 (12.59) |
N = 61 families at the 6–8-year-old assessment. BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; STR, Anxiety Scale; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; WISC-V, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition. aSeason coded as 1: Spring, 2: Summer, 3: Fall, 4: Winter. bEducation coded as 0, no schooling; 2, completed elementary; 3, did not complete high school; 4, completed high school; 5, post-secondary education not completed; 6, CEGEP, college, technical training or nurse training; 7, completed university; 8, masters complete; 9, doctorate complete. cHousehold income coded as: 0: <10,000, 1: 10000–19,999; 2: 20000–29,999; 3: 30000–39,999; 4: 40000–49,999; 5: 50000–59,999; 6: 60000–69,999; 7: 70000–79,999; 8: 80000–99,999; 9: ≥ 100,000. dInternalizing is the sum of Emotional and Peer subscales; eExternalizing is the sum of Conduct and Hyperactivity subscales. No sex differences were detected on any of the variables.