Table 3.
Microbial strategies for interfering with the complement cascade late stages.
| Organism | Microbial factor | Action | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| A) Bacteria | |||
| Borrelia spp. | |||
| i) B. afzelii | CspA | Binds C7 & C9 | (140) |
| ii) B. bavariensis | BGA66 & BGA71 | Binds C7, C8 & C9 | (141) |
| iii) B. burgdorferi | CspA | Binds C7 & C9 | (142) |
| iv) B. spielmanii | CspA | Binds C7 & C9 | (140) |
| E. coli | Iss & TraT | Blocks TCC function | (143) |
| Incorporates host CD59 | (144) | ||
| Sat | Degrades C6, C7, C8 & C9 | (81) | |
| H. ducreyi | DsrA | Binds to Vn | (145) |
| H. influenzae | |||
| i) Encapsulated | PH | Binds to Vn | (146) |
| ii) Type b | Hsf | Binds to Vn | (147) |
| ii) NTHi | PE | Binds to Vn | (148) |
| P4 | Binds to Vn | (149) | |
| PF | Binds to Vn | (150) | |
| H. pylori | KatA | Binds to Vn | (151) |
| Incorporates host CD59 | (152) | ||
| M. catarrhalis | UspA2 | Binds to Vn | (153) |
| Neisseria spp. | |||
| N. meningitidis | Opa | Binds to Vn | (154) |
| P. aeruginosa | Lpd | Binds Vn & clusterin | (155) |
| Porin D | Binds to Vn | (156) | |
| Streptococcus spp. | |||
| S. pyogenes | SIC | Binds clusterin and blocks the uptake of C567 onto cell membranes | (157) |
| S. pneumoniae | PGK | Binds C5, C7 & C9 | (158) |
| PspC | Binds Vn | (159) | |
| T. forsythia | Karilysin | Inhibit C5 deposition | (67) |
| Y. pestis | Ail | Binds to Vn | (160) |
| B) Fungi | |||
| C.albicans | Sap1-3 | Degrades C5 and late components | (123) |
| C) Viruses | |||
| Flaviviruses | |||
| i) WNV | NS1 | Binds Vn, C5, C6, & C9 | (161) |
| ii) DENV | NS1 | ||
| iii) ZIKV | NS1 | ||
| E protein | Binds C5b6, C7, C8, & C9 | (162) | |
| HCV | HCV-CP | Inhibits C9 promoter activity | (163) |
| Incorporates host CD59 | (164) | ||
| HIV | Incorporates host CD59 | (165) | |
| IBV | Incorporates host CD59 | (166) | |
| D) Parasites | |||
| L. interrogans | LIC11711 | Binds C8 & PLG | (167) |
| LIC12587 | Binds C7, C8, & C9 | (167) | |
| N. fowleri | CD59-like | Binds C9 | (168) |
| P. falciparum | SERA5 | Binds Vn | (169) |
| Schistosoma spp. | S-Pmy | Binds C8 & C9 | (170) |