Table 2.
Summary of patient details
| Patient (sex/age) | Cause of injury | Associated fracture | Neurosurgical problem | Type of frontal sinus fracture | Surgical method and material | Neurosurgical intervention | Complication & current status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated anterior wall | Combined anterior and posterior wall | |||||||
| 1 (F/50) | Road traffic accident | Both NOE, right ZMC | Comminuted | ORIF with metal plate | None | |||
| 2 (M/15) | Fall | Comminuted | ORIF with absorbable mesh | None | ||||
| 3 (M/14) | Sports injury | Displaced | ORIF with absorbable mesh | None | ||||
| 4 (M/45) | Chainsaw injury | Comminuted | ORIF with PPM | None | ||||
| 5 (M/23) | Interpersonal assault | Nasal bone | Displaced | ORIF with absorbable mesh | None | |||
| 6 (M/59) | Chainsaw injury | Orbital floor | Comminuted | ORIF with metal plate and PPM | None | |||
| 7 (M/38) | Fall | Left orbital roof, medial wall, floor and maxilla | Anterior wall comminuted, posterior wall linear | Sinus obliteration with collagen sponge | None | |||
| 8 (M/23) | Sports injury | Both orbital roof and medial wall | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall linear | Sinus obliteration with collagen sponge | None | |||
| 9 (M/46) | Fall | Both maxilla, right orbital roof | CSF rhinorrhea, traumatic SDH | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Sinus obliteration with HAC | Exploration of dural injuries | None | |
| 10 (M/51) | Fall | LeFort I and II and right ZMC, nasal bone | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Sinus obliteration with HAC | None | |||
| 11 (M/60) | Fall | Right orbital roof, left maxilla, nasal bone | CSF rhinorrhea, traumatic ICH | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Cranialization | Exploration of dural injuries | None | |
| 12 (M/43) | Interpersonal assault (hammer injury) | Right orbital roof | CSF rhinorrhea | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Cranialization | Craniotomy and dural repair | None | |
| 13 (M/34) | Fall | Right temporal bone, ZMC and NOE, left orbital medial wall, nasal bone | CSF rhinorrhea, traumatic EDH, SDH | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Sinus obliteration with HAC | Craniotomy and dural repair | None | |
| 14 (M/49) | Road traffic accident | Both temporal bone, left maxilla, nasal bone | CSF rhinorrhea, traumatic SAH, SDH, EDH | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Cranialization | Craniotomy and EDH removal, dural repair | Intermittent headache, forehead contour irregularity | |
| 15 (M/67) | Slip | Left orbital roof | Traumatic EDH | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Sinus obliteration with HAC | None | ||
| 16 (M/88) | Pedestrian accident | Both NOE, right maxilla, left ZMC | Traumatic SAH, SDH | Anterior wall comminuted, sinus floor comminuted, posterior wall comminuted | Sinus obliteration with HAC | Exploration of dural injuries | Brain abscess, death | |
| 17 (M/44) | History of previous frontal sinus fracture | CSF rhinorrhea | Anterior wall, sinus floor, posterior wall defect | Sinus obliteration with autologous cancellous bone | Craniotomy and dural repair | Recurrent CSF leakage and meningitis, death | ||
NOE naso-orbito-ethmoid, ZMC zygomaticomaxillary complex, ORIF open reduction and internal fixation, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, SDH subdural hematoma, ICH intracerebral hemorrhage, EDH epidural hematoma, SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage, PPM porous polyethylene material, HAC hydroxyapatite cement