Table 2.
Health Information Exchange by Hospital–Public Health Collaboration and Accountable Care Organization Affiliation
| CLINICAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY FROM OUTSIDE PROVIDERS |
PARTICIPATION IN LOCAL HIE NETWORKS |
PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL HIE NETWORKS |
RECEIVED ELECTRONICALLY TRANSMITTED INFORMATION TO TREAT COVID-19 |
FREQUENTLY RECEIVED CLINICAL INFORMATION TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 ELECTRONICALLY |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ME | p | ME | p | ME | p | ME | p | ME | p | |
| No hospital–public health collaboration and no ACO affiliation | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Hospital–public health collaboration, but no ACO affiliation | −0.02 | 0.62 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.77 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| No hospital–public health collaboration, but with ACO affiliation | 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.20 |
| Hospital–public health collaboration and ACO affiliation | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.30 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
| Not-for-profit hospital | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| For-profit hospital | −0.02 | 0.63 | −0.19 | <0.001 | −0.30 | <0.001 | −0.47 | <0.001 | −0.29 | <0.001 |
| Government-owned hospital | −0.10 | <0.001 | −0.03 | 0.24 | −0.04 | 0.15 | −0.11 | <0.001 | −0.03 | 0.34 |
| Bed size <100 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Bed size 100–400 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.19 | −0.01 | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| Bed size ≥400 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
| Teaching hospital | 0.01 | 0.85 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.70 |
| Metro area | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Rural area | −0.08 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.60 | −0.03 | 0.26 | −0.04 | 0.39 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Micropolitan area | −0.06 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.94 | −0.06 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| SVI under the 25th percentile | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| SVI 25th–50th percentile | 0.00 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.88 | −0.04 | 0.10 |
| SVI 50th–75th percentile | −0.02 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.90 |
| SVI above the 75th percentile | −0.05 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.54 | −0.07 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.06 |
Data source: the linked data source of the 2020 AHA Annual Survey and IT Supplement.
The specific survey questions for each outcome measure cited from the 2020 AHA IT Supplement:
• Clinical information available electronically from outside providers: “When treating a patient that was seen by a provider outside your organization or hospital system, do providers at your hospital routinely have necessary clinical information available electronically (not e-Fax) from outside providers or sources when treating a patient that was seen by another healthcare provider/setting?”
• Participation in local HIE networks: “Please indicate your level of participation in a state, regional, and/or local health information exchange (HIE) or health information organization (HIO).”
• Participation in national HIE networks: responses of “do not participate in any national health information exchange networks” to the question “Which of the following national health information exchange networks does your hospital currently actively participate in (i.e., operational exchange)?”
• Received electronically transmitted information to treat COVID-19: responses of “strongly agree or agree” to the statement “My hospital electronically received information from outside providers needed to effectively treat COVID-19.”
• Frequently received clinical information to treat patients with COVID-19 electronically: the survey question was “How frequently is each type of clinical information that is necessary for treating patients with COVID-19 electronically available (not e-Fax) from outside providers or other sources at the point of care?” Response of “always/often” to information type, including diagnoses, problem lists, laboratory results, clinical notes, medications, images, and immunization details.
The sample sizes for each regression varied: n = 1,375 for clinical information available electronically from outside providers; n = 1,436 for participation in local HIE networks; n = 1,384 for participation in national HIE networks; n = 1,316 for received electronically transmitted information to treat COVID-19; and n = 1,363 for frequently received clinical information to treat patients with COVID-19 electronically.
HIE, health information exchange; ME, marginal effect.