Table 8.

“We-Mode” in the Metaverse

As demonstrated recently, the interaction in the metaverse produces a strong sense of presence and social presence (“we-mode”) by activating some of the same neuroscience processes—activation of place cells, empathy, oxytocin production, and interbrain synchrony—typical of physical communities.

First, different studies on rats111,112 demonstrated that VR is able to generate place-cell activation. Specifically, hippocampus place-cell activity with similar features to those recorded in real environments was elicited throughout the VR experience.

Second, Martingano et al.113 investigated the effect of VR experiences on users' empathy in a recent meta-analysis that included 43 different studies. Their findings revealed that seeing evocative stimuli in VR can promote emotional empathy in a variety of ways.

Moreover, in a recent study, Dekker et al.114 explored the difference between VR and traditional 2D pornography movies in generating intimacy and illusion of interaction with the porn actors. Intriguingly, saliva oxytocin levels were correlated with the sense of eye contact with virtual people, suggesting a role for the social neuropeptide in the perception of heightened intimacy and connection in VR.

Finally, different studies115,116 from the research group directed by Mark Billinghurst proved that interbrain synchrony in virtual environments may be achieved in a manner comparable to that seen in the actual world. Eye gaze and visual perspective, in particular, play an important role in eliciting and enhancing interbrain synchrony in VR.

2D, two dimensional; VR, virtual reality.