Table 2. . Summary of included studies.
| Study/year | n | Mean age | Cancer type | Intervention/exposure | Comparison/control | Study design | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cata et al., 2014 | 435 | Not clear | NSCLC | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (Cohort) | [35] |
| Oh et al., 2020 | 109 | CG = 65.7 ± 12.5; Intervention = 73.7 ± 10.1 | NSCLC (stage IV) | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [44] |
| Weberpals et al., 2017 | 3340 | Mean age 70 years old | NSCLC and SCLC | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [53] |
| Chaudhary et al., 2019 | 77 | Median 65 (range 41–79) years old | NSCLC (stage IIIA) | Use of more than one β-blocker† | Non-use of β-blockers | Non-randomized (quasi-experimental) | [37] |
| Aydiner et al., 2013 | 107 | Mean age 61 (range 42–81) years old | NSCLC (with metastasis) | Use of more than one β-blocker† | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (case-control) | [34] |
| Shah et al., 2011 | 436 | Between 40 to 85 years old | Not clear | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [47] |
| Chang et al., 2020 | 4988 | Not clear | NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) | Use of more than one β-blocker† | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [36] |
| Wang et al., 2013 | 722 | Median 65 (range 34–95) years old | NSCLC | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [51] |
| Holmes et al., 2013 | 4241 | Mean age 71 ± 11 years old | Not clear | use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective)‡ | Without use of antihypertensive agent | Observational study (cohort) | [39] |
| Yang et al., 2017 | 606 | Hypertension = 54.74 ± 9.283; CG = 57.18 ± 8.957 years old | NSCLC (stage III) | Use of more than one β-blocker† | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [54] |
| Wang et al., 2015 | 673 | Median 65 (range 34 to 95) | NSCLC (stage III) | Use of more than one β-blocker† | Non-use of cardiac medications | Observational study (cohort) | [52] |
| Sakamoto et al., 2019 | 57 | Intervention = 70.3 ± 7.5; CG = 69.1 ± 8.4 | Not clear (stage I–III) | Use of selective β-blocker (landiolol hydrochloride) | Use of placebo | Observational study (cohort) | [46] |
| Cui et al., 2019 | 824 | >40 years old | Not clear | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective) | Non-use of Antihypertensive Medications | Observational study (cohort) | [56] |
| Udumyan et al., 2020 | 18.429 | CG = 67.8 ± 9.8; Intervention = 71.9 ± 8.3 | NSCLC | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [49] |
| Musselman et al., 2018 | 2.068 | CG = 73.7 ± 4.8; Intervention = 73.7 ± 4.8 | Not clear | Use of more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | Non-use of β-blockers | Observational study (cohort) | [43] |
| Lin et al., 2015 | 13542 | Intervention = 62.8 ± 12.8; CG = 63.1 ± 12.9 | Not clear | Use of non-selective β-blocker (carvedilol) | Non-use of carvedilol | Observational study (cohort) | [41] |
| Numbere et al., 2015 | 19082 | Not clear | Not clear | individuals with cancer that use more than one β-blocker (selective and non-selective) | individuals without cancer | Observational study (case-control) | |
| Coelho et al., 2019 | 80 | Not clear | NSCLC (40 adenocarcinoma and 40 squamous cell carcinoma (10 of each clinical stage) | tumor tissue | Surrounding non-tumor tissue | Non-randomized (quasi-experimental) | [38] |
| Kaira et al., 2019 | 105 | Median 69 (range 35–88) years old | NSCLC (pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma) | Individuals with pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma | Different disease stages | Non-randomized (quasi-experimental) | [40] |
| Yazawa et al., 2016 | 347 | Not clear | NSCLC (stage I–III) | Assessed of lymph-node dissected | Different expression levels of β2-Adrenergic receptor | Non-randomized (quasi-experimental) | [16] |
| Wang et al., 2006 | 634 | Intervention = 56.6 ± 8.7; CG = 57.9 ± 9.4 years old | NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) | individuals with adenocarcinoma | individuals without cancer | Observational study (case-control) | [50] |
| Mei et al., 2019 | 600 | Intervention = 57.86 ± 10.24; CG = 58.38 ± 10.65 | Not clear | individuals with cancer | individuals without cancer | Observational study (case-control) | [42] |
| Shao et al., 2016 | 95 (30 control) | CG = 60.3 ± 12.8; Low risk = 55.4 ± 8.8; High risk = 59.8 ± 12.0 | NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) | individuals with cancer | individuals without cancer | Non-randomized (quasi-experimental) | [48] |
| Ji et al., 2022 | 535 | Not clear | NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) | Different expression levels of β2-Adrenergic receptor | Different expression levels of β2-Adrenergic receptor | Non-randomized (quasi-experimental) | [55] |
†
Study did not distinguish between selective and non-selective β-blockers.
‡
Use of each class of antihypertensive agent, only β-blockers were considered for analysis.
CG: Control group; Intervention/Exposure: Group that received or was exposed to a treatment; Low and high-risk: Related to pathologic risk grading in lung cancer.