Table 1. Cohort Characteristics by Baseline HbA1c Levela.
| Characteristic | Total cohort (N = 74 552) | Baseline HbA1c level, % | P valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5.5 (n = 36 949) | 5.5-5.6 (n = 20 567) | 5.7-5.8 (n = 11 707) | 5.9-6.0 (n = 4138) | 6.1-6.2 (n = 970) | 6.3-6.4 (n = 221) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 36 859 (49.4) | 17 650 (47.8) | 10 498 (51.0) | 6009 (51.3) | 2123 (51.3) | 486 (50.1) | 93 (42.1) | <.001 |
| Female | 37 693 (50.6) | 19 299 (52.2) | 10 069 (49.0) | 5698 (48.7) | 2015 (48.7) | 484 (49.9) | 128 (57.9) | |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.4 (2.3) | 13.6 (2.3) | 13.3 (2.2) | 13.2 (2.2) | 13.1 (2.2) | 13.2 (2.2) | 13.6 (2.2) | <.001 |
| 10-11 | 19 892 (26.7) | 9080 (24.6) | 5779 (28.1) | 3479 (29.7) | 1228 (29.7) | 276 (28.5) | 50 (22.6) | <.001 |
| 12-14 | 28 274 (37.9) | 13 400 (36.3) | 8039 (39.1) | 4673 (39.9) | 1672 (40.4) | 401 (41.3) | 89 (40.3) | |
| 15-17 | 26 386 (35.4) | 14 469 (39.2) | 6749 (32.8) | 3555 (30.4) | 1238 (29.9) | 293 (30.2) | 82 (37.1) | |
| BMI categoryc | ||||||||
| Overweight | 20 037 (26.9) | 11 287 (30.5) | 5377 (26.1) | 2494 (21.3) | 733 (17.7) | 122 (12.6) | 24 (10.9) | <.001 |
| Moderate obesity | 31 547 (42.3) | 16 110 (43.6) | 8663 (42.1) | 4803 (41.0) | 1602 (38.7) | 307 (31.6) | 62 (28.0) | |
| Severe obesity | 22 968 (30.8) | 9552 (25.9) | 6527 (31.7) | 4410 (37.7) | 1803 (43.6) | 541 (55.8) | 135 (61.1) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 13 131 (17.6) | 5446 (14.7) | 3847 (18.7) | 2547 (21.8) | 988 (23.9) | 247 (25.5) | 56 (25.3) | <.001 |
| Black | 8293 (11.1) | 3172 (8.6) | 2154 (10.5) | 1734 (14.8) | 891 (21.5) | 277 (28.6) | 65 (29.4) | |
| Hispanic | 32 500 (43.6) | 16 198 (43.8) | 9325 (45.3) | 5042 (43.1) | 1544 (37.3) | 327 (33.7) | 64 (29.0) | |
| White | 16 080 (21.6) | 9836 (26.6) | 4030 (19.6) | 1666 (14.2) | 460 (11.1) | 69 (7.1) | 19 (8.6) | |
| Other or unknownd | 4548 (6.1) | 2297 (6.2) | 1211 (5.9) | 718 (6.1) | 255 (6.2) | 50 (5.1) | 17 (7.7) | |
| NDI quartilee | ||||||||
| 1 (Least deprived) | 18 559 (24.9) | 9593 (26.0) | 5025 (24.4) | 2821 (24.1) | 876 (21.2) | 194 (20.0) | 50 (22.6) | <.001 |
| 2 | 18 609 (25.0) | 9457 (25.6) | 5119 (24.9) | 2785 (23.8) | 968 (23.4) | 231 (23.8) | 49 (22.2) | |
| 3 | 18 596 (24.9) | 9036 (24.5) | 5172 (25.2) | 2981 (25.5) | 1092 (26.4) | 257 (26.5) | 58 (26.2) | |
| 4 (Most deprived) | 18 569 (24.9) | 8774 (23.7) | 5184 (25.2) | 3085 (26.3) | 1183 (28.6) | 280 (28.9) | 63 (28.5) | |
| Unknown | 219 (0.3) | 89 (0.2) | 67 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 19 (0.5) | 8 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NDI, Neighborhood Deprivation Index.
Unless stated otherwise, values are presented as No. (column %) of individuals.
The χ2 test or analysis of variance was used to examine overall differences for each variable across HbA1c level.
Defined as overweight (BMI 85th to <95th percentile), moderate obesity (BMI 100% to <120% of 95th percentile), and severe obesity (BMI ≥120% of 95th percentile).
Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, multiple races or ethnicities, and unknown race or ethnicity.
Scores ranged from −2.1 to 4.4; higher scores represent greater estimated neighborhood deprivation. Scores were not available for 0.3% of children.