Table 4. Multivariable Association of HbA1c Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity.
| Characteristic | HR by race and ethnicity (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian or Pacific Islander | Black | Hispanic | White | Other or unkowna | |
| HbA1c, % | |||||
| <5.5 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 5.5-5.6 | 2.8 (1.5-5.2) | 1.3 (0.6-3.2) | 1.4 (1.0-2.1) | 1.7 (0.9-3.2) | 1.4 (0.4-5.1) |
| 5.7-5.8 | 4.7 (2.5-8.7) | 2.0 (0.9-4.5) | 2.0 (1.3-3.0) | 4.6 (2.4-8.7) | 2.1 (0.6-7.8) |
| 5.9-6.0 | 12.4 (6.7-22.8) | 7.9 (3.8-16.3) | 7.4 (5.0-11.0) | 15.1 (8.0-28.5) | 7.2 (2.1-25.4) |
| 6.1-6.2 | 25.6 (13.0-50.4) | 16.1 (7.5-34.5) | 22.0 (14.1-34.2) | 42.0 (17.5-100.4) | 35.7 (9.6-132.4) |
| 6.3-6.4 | 155.2 (77.7-310.3) | 21.5 (7.7-60.2) | 49.2 (28.0-86.7) | 146.0 (52.5-406.5) | 143.9 (37.1-558.6) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 2.0 (1.5-2.7) | 1.2 (0.8-1.8) | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | 2.7 (1.2-6.4) |
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Age, y | |||||
| 10-11 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 12-14 | 0.8 (0.6-1.2) | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | 1.2 (0.9-1.7) | 0.8 (0.4-1.6) | 1.8 (0.6-5.5) |
| 15-17 | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | 2.3 (1.6-3.2) | 1.7 (0.9-3.1) | 2.8 (1.0-8.2) |
| BMI categoryb | |||||
| Overweight | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Moderate obesity | 2.0 (1.2-3.4) | 2.2 (0.6-7.6) | 2.2 (1.2-3.9) | 1.3 (0.6-2.8) | 4.1 (0.9-19.6) |
| Severe obesity | 4.0 (2.5-6.6) | 7.8 (2.4-25.0) | 6.3 (3.6-11.0) | 4.1 (2.0-8.3) | 7.0 (1.6-30.9) |
| NDI quartilec | |||||
| 1 (Least deprived) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 | 0.9 (0.6-1.4) | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | 0.7 (0.5-1.2) | 1.9 (1.1-3.2) | 0.6 (0.2-1.7) |
| 3 | 1.5 (1.0-2.3) | 0.8 (0.5-1.5) | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 1.8 (1.0-3.2) | 0.9 (0.3-2.3) |
| 4 (Most deprived) | 1.5 (1.0-2.4) | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 1.3 (0.6-2.9) | 0.5 (0.1-1.6) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HR, hazard ratio; NDI, Neighborhood Deprivation Index.
a
Includes American Indian or Alaska Native race, multiple races or ethnicities, and unknown race or ethnicity.
b
Defined as overweight (BMI 85th to <95th percentile), moderate obesity (BMI 100% to <120% of 95th percentile), and severe obesity (BMI ≥120% of 95th percentile).
c
Scores ranged from −2.1 to 4.4; higher scores represent greater estimated neighborhood deprivation. Scores were not available for 0.3% of children.