Table 2.
Association of caregiver, care recipient, and caregiving context variables with perceived impact of lockdown on care provision (n = 1,094)
| Became easier | Became harder | |
|---|---|---|
| Caregiver variables | ||
| Age (ref: 50–59 years) | ||
| 60–64 years | 0.91 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.28) |
| 65–69 years | 0.53 (0.31, 0.93)* | 0.79 (0.52, 1.21) |
| 70+ years | 0.49 (0.27, 0.90)* | 0.66 (0.41, 1.06) |
| Gender (ref: female) | ||
| Male | 1.35 (0.94, 1.95) | 1.56 (1.16, 2.09)** |
| Ethnicity (ref: Chinese) | ||
| Malay | 0.93 (0.49, 1.75) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.76)** |
| Indian | 1.12 (0.58, 2.17) | 1.03 (0.60, 1.79) |
| Others | 1.21 (0.55, 2.67) | 0.60 (0.27, 1.30) |
| Employment status (ref: unemployed) | ||
| Employed | 1.61 (1.09, 2.38)* | 1.02 (0.76, 1.39) |
| Education (ref: no formal) | ||
| Secondary | 1.24 (0.74, 2.10) | 1.30 (0.83, 2.03) |
| Post-secondary | 1.07 (0.62, 1.87) | 1.41 (0.88, 2.24) |
| Wealth status (ref: 1 [lowest]) | ||
| 2 | 0.97 (0.51, 1.83) | 1.24 (0.72, 2.13) |
| 3 | 0.98 (0.53, 1.80) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.57) |
| 4 | 0.85 (0.46, 1.58) | 1.02 (0.60, 1.72) |
| 5 (highest) | 0.78 (0.42, 1.45) | 0.81 (0.47, 1.38) |
| Self-rated health status (ref: fair or poor) | ||
| Excellent, very good, or good | 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.91)** |
| Duration of care provision to the care recipient, years | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Hours of care provided per week to the care recipient | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.998)** |
| Social isolation (ref: no) | ||
| Yes | 0.61 (0.42, 0.87)** | 1.04 (0.77, 1.41) |
| Care recipient variables | ||
| Gender (ref: male) | ||
| Female | 0.69 (0.47, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.37) |
| ADL and IADL limitation status (ref: no ADL or IADL limitation) | ||
| Limitation in either ADLs or IADLs | 0.71 (0.44, 1.16) | 1.43 (0.89, 2.28) |
| Limitation in both ADLs and IADLs | 0.61 (0.38, 0.99)* | 2.14 (1.35, 3.40)** |
| Caregiving context variables | ||
| Relationship with care recipient (ref: spouse) | ||
| Parent or grandparent | 0.88 (0.54, 1.44) | 1.29 (0.86, 1.96) |
| Others | 1.24 (0.78, 1.98) | 1.20 (0.79, 1.83) |
| Caregiving support from cohabiting family members before the lockdown (ref: no) | ||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.55, 1.69) | 0.59 (0.40, 0.89)* |
| Caregiving support from non-cohabiting family members before the lockdown (ref: no) | ||
| Yes | 1.21 (0.75, 1.96) | 1.49 (1.02, 2.19)* |
| Caregiving support from a migrant domestic worker before the lockdown (ref: no) | ||
| Yes | 1.40 (0.94, 2.08) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) |
Values are given as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Reference: remained the same.
ADL, Activity of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living; ref, reference.
Results from multi-nomial logistic regression models as described in the text. Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) estimates in boldface do not include the value 1 in the 95% confidence interval.
*p value <0.05, **p value <0.01.