TABLE 1.

Nighttime BP and asymptomatic target organ damage.

Study author, year	Patient population	Sample size	Main results
Li Y, 2007 4	General population	677	The baPWV increased significantly in patients with isolated nocturnal hypertension or day‐night sustained hypertension.
Liu J, 2022 7	Young and middle‐aged adults with non‐dipper hypertension	77	In untreated young and middle‐aged adults with non‐dipper hypertension, nighttime BP, but not night/day BP ratio, was strongly associated with arterial stiffness (baPWV).
Hoshide S, 2007 30	Community residents	165	In hypertensive patients with well controlled self‐measured home BP, masked nocturnal hypertension was associated with the increase of CIMT and RWT.
Lee SH, 2011 31	Diabetics	82	In patients with type 1 diabetes, nocturnal hypertension was associated with the increase of CIMT.
Hoshide S, 2003 32	Community residents	74	Compared with dipper hypertension, non‐dipper hypertension was associated with myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling (LVMI) in normotensive community residents.
Perez‐Lloret S, 2008 33	Outpatients	223	Nocturnal hypertension was closely associated with left ventricular hypertrophy measured by echocardiography regardless of antihypertensive treatment.
Cicconetti P, 2003 34	Elderly patients with ISH	64	Nighttime BP level was closely related to LVMI in elderly patients with ISH, of whom with non‐dipper hypertension have increased left ventricular mass than those with dipper hypertension.
Mousa T, 2004 35	Man with or without CAD	136	Non‐dipper BP pattern was significantly associated with moderated to severe coronary artery stenosis independent of clinical symptoms, total cholesterol and daytime BP.
Henskens LH, 2008 36	Hypertensive patients	218	The prevalence of brain microbleeds identified by MRI was significantly increased in patients with nocturnal hypertension.
Yano Y, 2012 37	Hypertensive patients	252	The control of nighttime BP was associated with the decrease of urine microalbumin excretion and the level of BNP.
Shimizu M, 2012 38	Hypertensive patients	254	The reduction of nighttime BP was significantly associated with the decrease of BNP level independent of daytime BP and the administration time of antihypertensives.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CAD, cardiovascular disease; CIMT, carotid intima‐media thickness; ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RWT, relative wall thickness.