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. 2024 Jan 3;9(2):2547–2558. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07305

Figure 2.

Figure 2

(a) pH and (b) conductivity before and after 25 min sonication and (c) ζ-potential after 25 min sonication. A charge-stabilized nanobubble suspension was formed in Millipore water, the time decay of which is shown in panel (d). Precipitation of CaCO3 by sonication of hard waters accounts for the significant decrease in conductivity shown in panel (b) relative to soft waters and positive ζ-potential in panel (c) postsonication.