Table 3.
Measurement properties – internal consistency, reliability and cross-cultural validity.
| Internal consistency | Reliability | Cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instrument | Reference | Country (language) in which the questionnaire was evaluated | Number of items | Mode of administration | n | Meth. quality | Result (rating) | n | Meth. quality | Result (rating) | n | Meth. quality | Result (rating) |
| ATD PA | [Scherer, 2001] | USA | 11 (ATD PA sections B and C) | not clearly reported | 20 | V | α = 0.80 (+) | ||||||
| I-QOL | [Schurch et al., 2007] | Belgium, France, and Switzerland | 22 | quastionnaires/interview | 59 (SCI and Multiple sclerosis) | V | α = 0.93 (+) | ||||||
| KHQ | [Romero-Cullerés, 2011] | Spain | 21 | not clearly reported | 120 | V | α = 0.91 (?) | ||||||
| [Liu, 2010] | United Kingdom | 21 | not clearly reported | 142 | V | α = 0.77 to 0.91 (?) | |||||||
| [Karapolat et al., 2018] | Turkey | 21 | face-to-face interviews | 92 | V | α = 0.68-0.93 (?) | 92 | A | ICC = 0.69-0.94 (−) | ||||
| LiSat-9 | [Post, 2012] | Netherlands | 9 | interviews | 225 | V | α = 0.75 (?) | ||||||
| [Geyh, 2010] | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, South Africa, and the USA | 9 | not clearly reported | 243 | D | r = 0.86 (?) | 243 | V | Merged item 4 and 5 F(5) = 1.19; p = 0.095 (+) | ||||
| LS Questions | [Post, 2012] | Netherlands | 2 | interview | 225 | V | α = 0.60 (?) | ||||||
| NBD | [Erdem et al., 2017] | Turkey | 10 | not clearly reported | 42 | V | α = 0.547 (−) | 42 | A | κ = 1.000, (p < 0.001) | |||
| NBSS | [Welk et al., 2014] | USA | 22 | interview | 80 (SCI), 136 (MS) and 14 congenital neurogenic bladder | V | α = 0.89 (?) | 131 individuals with SCI, MS and congenital neurogenic bladder | A | ICC (2,1) of the total score = 0.91 (+) | |||
| [Guler et al., 2020] | Turkey | 24 | interview | 84 (SCI) and 18 (MS) | V | α = 0.893–0.910 (?) | 84 (SCI) and 18 (MS) | D | ICC = 0.91 (95% CI 0.87–0.94, p < 0.001) (+) | ||||
| [Przydacz et al., 2020] | Poland | 24 | interview | 101 | V | α = 0.83 (?) | 101 | D | ICC (2,1) = 0.87 (0.80–0.92) (+) | ||||
| [Cintra et al., 2019] | Brazil | 24 | interview | 66 (SCI), 1 (MS) and 1 non indentified | A | α = 0.81 (?) | 46 | A | ICC = 0.86 [0.76–0.92] (p < 0.0001) (+) | ||||
| PRISM | [Cook, 2007] | EUA | 55 | interview | 180 | V | α = 0.74-0.96 (?) | 180 | D | ICC = 0.82-0.91 (+) | |||
| PWI | [Geyh, 2010] | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, South Africa, and USA | 7 | not clearly reported | 243 | D | r = 0.92 (?) | 243 | V | Merged item 3 and 8 F(5) = 9.05 ; p = 0.000 Merged item 5 and 6 F(5) = 0.39; p = 0.858 (+) | |||
| QLI-SCI | [Kovacs, 2015] | Spain, United Kingdom | 37 | interview | 77 (43 with SCI). | A | QLI/SCI (SCI) ICC = 0.830; Entire sample ICC = 0.801 (−) | ||||||
| QOLP-PD | [Renwick, 2003] | Canada | 102 | interview | cross-disabilities n = 27 and only SCI n = 40 | V | α = 0,67–0,97 (cross-disability) and 0,84–0,98 (SCI) (?) | ||||||
| Qualiveen | [D’Ancona, 2009] | Brazil | 39 | self-administered | 51 cross-disabilities | V | α = 0.75–0.90 (?) | 51 cross-disabilities | A | ICC = 0.62 to 0.86 (−) | |||
| [Bonniaud, 2011] | Italy | 30 | interview | 128 | V | α = 0.94 (?) | 128 | D | ICC = 0.77–0.90 (+) | ||||
| [Nikfallah et al., 2015] | Iran | 30 | self-administered | 154 cross-disability | V | α = 0.82 to 0.95.(+) | 154 cross-disability | I | ICC = 0.94 to .97(+) | ||||
| [Przydocz, 2020a] | Poland | 30 | interview | 126 | V | α = 0.87 (?) | 126 | D | ICC = 0,92 (+) | ||||
| [Costa, 2001] | France | 30 | questionnaire | 268 | V | α = 0.80 (?) | 46 | A | ICC = 0.85 and 0.92 (+) | ||||
| [Pannek, 2007] | Germany | 30 | interview | 439 | V | α = 0.80 to 0.91 (?) | |||||||
| Qualiveen SF | [Reuvers, 2017] | Netherlands | 8 | interview | 57 SCI and 50 controls | V | α = 0.89–0.92 (?) | 57 SCI and 50 controls | A | ICC = 0.94 LOA = –0.72 to 0.70 (+) | |||
| [Przydocz, 2020a] | Poland | 8 | interview | 126 | V | α = 0.84 (?) | 126 | D | ICC = 0,93 (+) | ||||
| [Krebs et al, 2021] | Switzerland | 8 | self-report questionnaire | 50(test) and 35 (retest) | V | α = 0.84–0.90 (?) | 35 to 37 | I | ICC = 0.91 to 0.94 (+) | ||||
| [Konstantinidis et al., 2020] | Greece | 8 | interview | 71 SCI and 53 Multiple Sclerosis | V | α = 0.71 to 0.90 (+) | 71 SCI and 53 Multiple Sclerosis | A | r = 0.26–0.88 (p < 0.05); p < 0.01; p < 0.001 (?) | ||||
| SCI QoL-BDS | [Post, 2016] | Netherlands | 3 | self-report questionnaire | 261 | V | α = 0.81 (?) | ||||||
| [Post, 2019] | Australia, Brazil, Netherlands, USA | 3 | self-report questionnaire | 79 | V | α = 0.84 to 0.86 (?) | 79 | A | ICC total = 0.66 to 0.80 (?) | ||||
| [New, 2019] | Australia, Brazil, India, Netherlands, and USA | 3 | survey or face-face interview | 959 | V | α = 0.84 (?) | |||||||
| [Kunz et al., 2021] | Switzerland | 3 | interview | 218 | V | α = 0.82–0.90 (?) | |||||||
| [Nijhawan et al., 2022] | India | 3 | not clearly reported | 50 | V | ICC = 0.91 to 0.98 (+) | |||||||
| Pattanakuhar, 2020] | Thailand | 3 | interview | 130 | I | α = 0.89 (?) | 130 | A | ICC = 0,73-0,86 (?) | ||||
| SCI QoL-BDS version 2.0 | [Post et al., 2022] | Australia, Brazil Netherlands, and USA | 4 | interview | 565 | V | α = 0.81 (+) | ||||||
| SCI-QOL Pressure ulcers item bank | [Kisala, 2015a] | USA | 12 | interview | 189 | D | α = 0.927 (−) | ||||||
| SCI-QOL Pressure ulcers SF | [Kisala, 2015a] | USA | 7 | interview | 189 | V | α = 0.874 (+) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.84) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Anxiety item bank | [Kisala, 2015b ] | USA | 25 | phone interview and CAT program | 716 | V | α = 0.946 (−) | 245 | V | ICC = 0.80 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.84) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL item banks (Methodology for the development and calibration) | [Tulsky, 2015b] | USA | 14 unidimensional calibrated item banks and 3 calibrated scales across | phone interview and computer adaptive test (CAT) | 825 | V | α = 0.79–0,99 (?) | 245 | V | ICC = 0.74–0,96 (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Depression Item Bank | [Tulsky, 2015c] | USA | 28 | phone interview and computer adaptive test (CAT) | 716 | V | α = 0.964 (+) | 245 | V | r = 0.80 (P < .001) and ICC (2,1) = 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75 to 0.84). (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Stigma item bank | [Kisala, 2015c] | USA | 23 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 611 | V | α = 0.936 (−) | 245 | V | r = 0.80 (p < 0.001) ICC = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.84) (−) | |||
| SCI-QOL Stigma item bank SF | [Kisala, 2015c] | USA | 10 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 611 | V | α = 0.895 (−) | 168 | A | r = 0.84 (−) | |||
| SCI-QOL PAWB | [Bertisch et al., 2015] | USA | 28 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 717 | V | α = 0.970 (−) | 245 | V | r = 0.78 and ICC (2,1) = 0.78 (95% CI = 0.72 to 0.82) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL APSSRA | [Heinemann et al., 2015] | USA | 27 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 641 | V | α = 0.95 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) for Ability to Participate = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.67, 0.79) and Satisfaction the ICC (2,1) = 0.77; 95% (CI = 0.72, 0.82) (+). | |||
| SCI-QOL Self-esteem | [Kalpakjian et al., 2015] | USA | 23 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 717 | V | α = 0.950 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0.84 (95% CI = 0.80 to 0.88) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Grief and Loss | [Kalpakjian et al., 2015] | USA | 17 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 717 | V | α = 0.947 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0,83 (95% CI = 0,78 to 0,87) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Psychological Trauma | [Kisala, 2015d] | USA | 19 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 717 | V | α = 0.947 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0,84 (95% CI = 0,80 to 0,88) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Resilience | [Kuzu et al., 2022] | USA | 21 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 133 | D | α = 0.89 (−) | ||||||
| [Victorson et al., 2015] | USA | 21 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 717 | V | α = 0.95 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0.83 (95%CI = 0.78 to 0.87) (+) | ||||
| SCI-QOL Bladder Management Difficulties | [Tulsky et al., 2015] | USA | 15 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 757 | V | α = 0.91 (−) | 245 | V | (ICC) (2,1) = 0.76 ( 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.81) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Bowel Management Difficulties | [Tulsky et al., 2015] | USA | 26 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 757 | V | α = 0.95 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.68 to 0.79) (+) | |||
| SCI-QOL Bladder Complications | [Tulsky et al., 2015] | USA | 5 | computer adaptive test (CAT) | 757 | V | α = 0.72 (−) | 245 | V | ICC (2,1) = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.61 to 0.76) (−) | |||
| Sense of Well-Being Inventory (SWBI) | [Chapin, 2004] | Canada | 36 | not clearly reported | 132 | V | α = 0.79 to 0.88 (?) | ||||||
| SF-36 | [Forchheimer, 2004 | USA | 36 | telephone | 215 | V | α = 0.76 to 0.90 (?) | ||||||
| [Lin, 2007] | Taiwan | 26 | telephone interviews | 187 | V | α = 0.72-0.9 (?) | 187 | I | ICC intra-evaluator = 0.71-0.99 ; ICC inter = 0.41-0.98 (+) | ||||
| [Liu, 2010] | United Kingdom | 36 | not clearly reported | 142 | V | α = 0.76to 0.89 (?) | |||||||
| SF-36V | [Luther, 2006] | EUA | 8 | self-administered | 359 | I | α = 0.90 (−) | ||||||
| SOSGOQ | [Yin et al., 2022] | China | 20 | self-administered | 120 | V | α = 0.87 (+) | 120 | A | ICC = 0.72 to 0.81 (+) | |||
| [Gal et al., 2022] | Netherlands | 20 | self-administered | 147 | V | α = 0.68 (?) | 43 | V | ICC = 0.78 to 0.93 (+) | ||||
| [Versteeg, 2018] | Canada and USA | 20 | not clearly reported | 243 | D | r = 0.88 (−). | 243 | V | 2 Items deleted: Got things I want F(5) = 4.01; p = 0.002; and Change nothing in life F(5) = 11.20; P = 0.000 (+) | ||||
| SWLS | [Post, 2012] | Netherlands | 5 | self-report | 225 | V | α = 0.83 (?) | ||||||
| [Geyh, 2010] | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, South Africa, and USA | 5 | not clearly reported | 243 | D | r = 0.78 (?) | 243 | V | Merged item 1 and 5 F(5) = 1.47; p = 0.200 (+) | ||||
| WHOQOL-5 | [Geyh, 2010] | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, South Africa, and USA | 5 | not clearly reported | 243 | D | r = 0.78 (?) | 243 | V | Merged item 1 and 5 F(5) = 1.47; p = 0.200 (+) | |||
| WHOQOL-BREF | [Lin, 2007] | Taiwan | 28 | telephone interviews | 187 | V | α = 0.75-0.87 (?) | 187 | I | ICC intra-evaluator = 0.84-0.98; ICC inter = 0.56-0.95 (+) | |||
| [Salvador-De La Barrera, 2018] | Spain | 26 | interview | 54 | V | α = 0.887 (?) | 54 | A | ICC = 0.85 (+) | ||||
| [Lee, 2017] | 85 patients (SCI = 58, stroke = 27). | V | α = 0.896 (?) | 85 patients (SCI = 58, stroke = 27). | A | r = 0.896; p < 0.01 (?) | |||||||
| [Odole, 2018] | Nigeria | 26 | self-administered | 49 individuals with SCI and 49 controls | A | r = 0.322 to 0.766; p < 0.01 (?) | |||||||
| WHOQOL-DIS | [Lee, 2017] | Korea | 39 | interview | 85 patients (SCI = 58, stroke = 27). | V | α = 0.737 (+) | 85 patients (SCI = 58, stroke = 27). | A | r = 0.759; p < 0.01 (?) | 85 patients (SCI = 58, stroke = 27). | V | no data reported (?) |
Overall rating: + = sufficient; − = insufficient; ? = indeterminate; V = very good; A = adequate; D = doubtful; I = inadequate r = Pearson correlation; LOA = Limits of Agreement; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; α = Cronbach alpha; CI = Confidence Interval. ATD PA, Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey; I-QOL, Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire; IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living; IBMSSP – EFAPD; Item Bank to Measure Systems, Services, and Policies: Environmental Factors Affecting People With Disabilities; KHQ, King’s Health questionnaire; LiSat-9, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire; LS Questions, Life Satisfaction questions; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey; SF-12, Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey – 12-Item Short Form; SF-36V, Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey – Physical Functioning Scale for Use With Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury; SF-6D, Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey – 6 dimensions; NBD – Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction; NBSS – Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score Questionnaire; PRISM, Patient Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure; PWI, Personal Well-Being Index; QLI-SCI, Quality of Life Index-Spinal Cord Injury version; QOLP-PD, Quality of Life Profile for Adults with Physical Disabilities; QWB, Quality of Well-Being scale; Qualiveen – SF, Qualiveen Short Form; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; SWBI, Sense of Well-Being Inventory; SCI QoL version 2.0 – International Spinal Cord Injury Quality of Life Basic Data Set version 2.0; SCIQL-23, 23-item Spinal Cord Injury – specific Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire; SCI-QOL Pressure Ulcers, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Pressure Ulcers; SCI-QOL Pressure Ulcers SF, SCI-QOL 7-item short form (SF) Pressure Ulcers; SCI-QOL Anxiety, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Anxiety; SCI-QOL Economic, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Economic; SCI-QOL Depression, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Depression; SCI-QOL PAWB, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Positive Affect and Well-being; SCI-QOL Self-esteem, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Self-esteem; SCI-QOL Grief and Loss, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Grief and Loss; SCI-QOL Psychological Trauma, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Psychological Trauma; SCI-QOL Resilience, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Resilience; SCI-QOL Bladder Management Difficulties, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Bladder Management Difficulties; SCI-QOL Bowel Management Dificulties, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Bowel Management Dificulties; SCI-QOL Bladder Complications, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Bladder Complications; SCI-QOL APSSRA, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life Ability to Participate and Satisfactions with Social Roles and Activities(APSSRA); SCI-QOL – Stigma, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life – Stigma; SCI-QOL – Stigma SF, Spinal Cord Injury – Quality of Life – Stigma Short Form; SOSGOQ, Spine Oncology Study Group Outcomes; WHOQOL-5, 5 satisfaction items from the World Health Organization Quality of Life; Assessment; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life – Bref version; WHOQOL-DIS, World Health Organization Quality of Life – Disabilities module.