Table 3.
Non-osseous treatment techniques used by 5 manual therapy (MT) professions.
| Nonosseous Techniquea | Chiropractic | Massage Therapy | Osteopathic | Physiotherapy | Structural Integration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manual | |||||
| Cranial/balanced membranous tension | Cranial/balanced membranous tension | ||||
| End-of-session back | End-of-session back | ||||
| End-of-session cervical-cranial | End-of-session cervical-cranial | ||||
| End-of-session sacral-pelvic | End-of-session sacral-pelvic | ||||
| Facilitated positional release | Facilitated positional release | Facilitated positional release | |||
| Fascial distortion model | Fascial distortion model | ||||
| Gliding, stroking, effleurage | Gliding, stroking, effleurage | ||||
| Kneading, twisting, petrissage | Kneading, twisting, petrissage | ||||
| Lifting myofascial sheet | Lifting myofascial sheet | ||||
| Lymphatic | Lymphatic drainage | Fluid/lymphatic | |||
| Muscle energy | Muscle energy | Muscle energy | Muscle energy | ||
| Myofascial | Myofascial | Myofascial/connective tissue | Myofascial release | ||
| Neural mobilization | Neural mobilization | Nerve glide/neural mobilization | |||
| Oscillation | Oscillation | ||||
| Percussion | Percussion | ||||
| Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation | Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation | Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation | |||
| Sacro-occipital | Sacro-occipital | ||||
| Separating at inter/intramuscular septa | Separating at inter/intramuscular septa | ||||
| Shear stress/friction | Shear stress/friction | ||||
| Shearing across collagenous fibers | Shearing across collagenous fibers | ||||
| Shearing parallel to collagenous fibers | Shearing parallel to collagenous fibers | ||||
| Soft tissue | Soft tissue techniques | Soft tissue method | Soft tissue mobilization | ||
| Spreading from a midline | Spreading from a midline | ||||
| Static methods: resting/holding | Static methods: resting/holding | ||||
| Strain counterstrain | Strain counterstrain | Strain counterstrain | Strain counterstrain | Strain counterstrain | |
| Sustained pressure at 1 location | Sustained pressure at 1 location | ||||
| Sustained pressure at bony attachments | Sustained pressure at bony attachments | ||||
| Sustained pressure directly into joint gap | Sustained pressure directly into joint gap | ||||
| Trigger point therapy | Trigger point therapy | ||||
| Visceral manipulation | Visceral manipulation | ||||
| Instrument-assisted | |||||
| Cupping/suction | Cupping/suction | ||||
| Percussion/vibration | Percussion/vibration | Percussion hammer | |||
| Scraping | Scraping | ||||
| Soft tissue | Soft tissue | Soft tissue | |||
aTechniques in italics are used by more than 1 MT profession.