Table III.
Effect of optic flow (OF) speed on the spatiotemporal gait parameters
| Condition | Time-point | Walking speed (m/s) | Cadence (stride/min) | Stride time (s) | Step length (cm) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | |||
| Affected leg | Unaffected leg | |||||||||||
| Matched OF | Pre | Post | 0.01 [–0.02;0.03] |
1.000 | 0.07 [–0.39;0.52] |
1.000 | 0.00 [–0.01;0.02] |
1.000 | 0.13 [–0.75;1.02] |
1.000 | 0.07 [–0.82;0.96] |
1.000 |
| Mid | 0.03 [–0.01;0.06] |
0.389 | 0.31 [–0.53;1.14] |
1.000 | –0.01 [–0.03;0.01] |
1.000 | 0.87 [–0.50;2.23] |
0.498 | 1.02 [–0.50;2.54] |
0.413 | ||
| End | 0.05 [0.01;0.10] |
0.008* | 0.70 [–0.10;1.49] |
0.117 | –0.02 [–0.04;0.00] |
0.124 | 1.70 [0.26;3.14] |
0.014* | 1.95 [0.00;3.90] |
0.050* | ||
| Fast OF | Pre | Post | –0.03 [–0.06;0.00] |
0.054 | –0.70 [–1.29;–0.12] |
0.012* | 0.02 [0.00;0.04] |
0.065 | –0.56 [–1.94;0.82] |
1.000 | –0.56 [–2.03;0.91] |
1.000 |
| Mid | 0.00 [–0.05;0.04] |
1.000 | –0.47 [–1.41;0.48] |
1.000 | 0.01 [–0.02;0.05] |
1.000 | 0.78 [–1.24;2.81] |
1.000 | 0.17 [–1.79;2.13] |
1.000 | ||
| End | 0.00 [–0.05;0.05] |
1.000 | –0.55 [–1.52;0.41] |
0.690 | 0.02 [–0.02;0.05] |
1.000 | 1.46 [–0.64;3.55] |
0.353 | 0.57 [–2.07;3.22] |
1.000 | ||
| Slow OF | Pre | Post | 0.05 [0.03;0.07] |
<0.001* | 0.94 [0.43;1.45] |
< 0.001* | –0.03 [–0.05;–0.01] |
0.007* | 1.78 [0.97;2.58] |
<0.001* | 1.62 [0.29;2.95] |
0.010* |
| Mid | 0.06 [0.01;0.11] |
0.011* | 1.00 [0.01;2.00] |
0.046* | –0.03 [–0.07;0.01] |
0.381 | 2.10 [0.17;4.02] |
0.026* | 2.22 [–0.98;5.42] |
0.362 | ||
| End | 0.06 [0.02;0.10] |
0.001* | 1.14 [0.11;2.18] |
0.024* | –0.03 [–0.07;0.00] |
0.093 | 1.81 [0.37;3.24] |
0.007* | 2.04 [–0.71;4.79] |
0.269 | ||
| Condition | Time-point | Stance time (% gait cycle) | Swing time (% gait cycle) | Step width (cm) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | |||
| Affected leg | Unaffected leg | Affected leg | Unaffected leg | Affected leg | Unaffected leg | |||||||||
| Matched OF | Pre | Post | 0.07 [–0.18;0.31] |
1.000 | –0.02 [–0.28;0.24] |
1.000 | –0.07 [–0.31;0.18] |
1.000 | 0.02 [–0.24;0.28] |
1.000 | 0.10 [–0.54;0.73] |
1.000 | 0.08 [–0.50;0.66] |
1.000 |
| Mid | –0.13 [–0.52;0.27] |
1.000 | –0.08 [–0.43;0.27] |
1.000 | 0.13 [–0.27;0.52] |
1.000 | 0.08 [–0.27;0.43] |
1.000 | 0.14 [–0.29;0.57] |
1.000 | 0.16 [–0.26;0.58] |
1.000 | ||
| End | –0.42 [–0.97;0.14] |
0.255 | –0.37 [–0.84;0.09] |
0.174 | 0.42 [–0.14;0.97] |
0.255 | 0.37 [–0.09;0.84] |
0.174 | 0.39 [–0.27;1.05] |
0.638 | 0.40 [–0.24;1.05] |
0.538 | ||
| Fast OF | Pre | Post | 0.05 [–0.41;0.50] |
1.000 | 0.29 [–0.05;0.63] |
0.141 | –0.05 [–0.50;0.41] |
1.000 | –0.29 [–0.63;0.05] |
0.141 | 0.32 [–0.03;0.66] |
0.084 | 0.25 [–0.11;0.61] |
0.336 |
| Mid | 0.15 [–0.25;0.55] |
1.000 | 0.19 [–0.31;0.68] |
1.000 | –0.15 [–0.55;0.25] |
1.000 | –0.19 [–0.68;0.31] |
1.000 | 0.18 [–0.33;0.70] |
1.000 | 0.18 [–0.34;0.70] |
1.000 | ||
| End | –0.05 [–0.65;0.55] |
1.000 | 0.13 [–0.41;0.67] |
1.000 | 0.05 [–0.55;0.65] |
1.000 | 0.13 [–0.67;0.41] |
1.000 | 0.35 [–0.38;1.07] |
1.000 | 0.34 [–0.38;1.05] |
1.000 | ||
| Slow OF | Pre | Post | –0.54 [–0.95;–0.13] |
0.005* | –0.40 [–0.71;–0.08] |
0.007* | 0.54 [0.13;0.95] |
0.005* | 0.40 [0.08;0.71] |
0.007* | 0.23 [–0.22;0.67] |
0.973 | 0.21 [–0.23;0.65] |
1.000 |
| Mid | –0.64 [–1.52;0.24] |
0.286 | –0.35 [–0.86;0.16] |
0.369 | 0.64 [–0.24;1.52] |
0.286 | 0.35 [–0.16;0.86] |
0.369 | 0.22 [–0.52;0.96] |
1.000 | 0.16 [–0.56;0.88] |
1.000 | ||
| End | –0.52 [–1.26;0.23] |
0.353 | –0.37 [–0.72;–0.01] |
0.038* | 0.52 [–0.23;1.26] |
0.353 | 0.37 [0.01;0.72] |
0.038* | 0.28 [–0.36;0.92] |
1.000 | 0.28 [–0.33;0.90] |
1.000 | ||
Values are reported as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
*
Significant change.
OF: optic flow; m/s: meter per seconds; min: minute; cm: centimeter