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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Rep Phys Sci. 2023 Aug 16;4(8):101476. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101476

Figure 1. Fabrication and characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensor using bacterially produced cellulose.

Figure 1.

(A) Fabrication steps of the biodegradable BC substrate and the electrochemical devices. First, the bacterium Gluconacetobacter hansenii was incubated in HS medium with 20 g L−1 glucose (i); after 27 days, a BC substrate was collected and treated with 5 mmol L−1 NaOH at 80°C (ii), resulting in a clear sheet (iii). Next, the biodegradable BC substrate was screen printed with carbon and Ag/AgCl conductive ink (iv), resulting in a device with three electrodes (WE, CE, and RE), which were cut out using a scissor (v), yielding a portable, biodegradable, and inexpensive electrochemical sensor (vi).

(B and C) Micrograph of BC substrate at magnifications of (B) 13,000× (scale bar, 4 μm) and (C) 25,000× (scale bar, 2 μm).

(D) Raman spectra of the (●) BC substrate, (●) BC/carbon ink electrode, and (●) BC/carbon ink/G-PEG electrode. This figure was created in BioRender.com.