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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 18.

Published in final edited form as: Cell Rep Phys Sci. 2023 Aug 16;4(8):101476. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101476

Figure 5. — (A) Electrochemical response obtained for five clinical samples containing original SARS-CoV-2 strain (black circles) and 10 clinical samples containing SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2, red circles) as a function of Ct values. All measurements were recorded in triplicate (n = 3), and the error bars correspond to the standard deviation.

(B) Potential difference, ΔE, obtained using the modified electrode for another 12 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 as a function of the RNA concentration (copies μL⁻¹) provided by the RT-PCR method, B.1, B.1.291, B.1.369, B.1.340, B.1.243, B.1.311, B.1.1.304, B.1.1.317, B.1.2, B.1.1.7, B.1.240, and B.1.350.

(C) Comparison of the electrochemical response obtained by the cross-reactivity studies (gray bars), 25 SARS-CoV-2-negative clinical samples (red bars), and 25 positive SARS-CoV-2 clinical samples containing different lineages (blue bars). The dotted line indicates the cutoff value of ΔE (V) (ΔE (V) = E_sample − E_blank) response established to indicate whether the sample was positive for SARS-CoV-2 variants as determined by our biosensor.

Inline graphic — (A) Electrochemical response obtained for five clinical samples containing original SARS-CoV-2 strain (black circles) and 10 clinical samples containing SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2, red circles) as a function of Ct values. All measurements were recorded in triplicate (n = 3), and the error bars correspond to the standard deviation.

(B) Potential difference, ΔE, obtained using the modified electrode for another 12 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 as a function of the RNA concentration (copies μL⁻¹) provided by the RT-PCR method, B.1, B.1.291, B.1.369, B.1.340, B.1.243, B.1.311, B.1.1.304, B.1.1.317, B.1.2, B.1.1.7, B.1.240, and B.1.350.

(C) Comparison of the electrochemical response obtained by the cross-reactivity studies (gray bars), 25 SARS-CoV-2-negative clinical samples (red bars), and 25 positive SARS-CoV-2 clinical samples containing different lineages (blue bars). The dotted line indicates the cutoff value of ΔE (V) (ΔE (V) = E_sample − E_blank) response established to indicate whether the sample was positive for SARS-CoV-2 variants as determined by our biosensor.