Table 4.
List of studies focusing on zoonotic diseases in ruminants in Southeast Asia.
| Pathogen | Country | Year of sampling | Species | Sample size | % positive | Diagnostic test | 95% CI | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campylobacter | Cambodia | 2011–2013 | Cattle | 207 | 0.97 | Culture | 0.17–3.8 | (Osbjer et al. 2016) |
| Campylobacter | Cambodia | 2011–2013 | Cattle | 207 | 5.31 | PCR | 2.8–9.6 | (Osbjer et al. 2016) |
| Brucellosis | Indonesia | 2019–2020 | Dairy | 588 | 5.78 | Rose Bengal test | 4.1–8.1 | (Yanti et al. 2021) |
| Brucellosis | Indonesia | 2019–2020 | Dairy | 588 | 5.10 | Complement fixation test | 3.5–7.3 | (Yanti et al. 2021) |
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Indonesia | 2013 | Cattle | 238 | 6.30 | Culture | 3.7–10.4 | (Suardana et al. 2017) |
| Coxiellosis | Laos | 2016–2017 | Goat | 1458 | 4.10 | ELISA | 3–5 | (Burns et al. 2018) |
| Brucella | Laos | 2016–2017 | Goat | 1458 | 1.40 | ELISA | 0.8–2.2 | (Burns et al. 2018) |
| Trichostrongylid | Laos | 2010 | Goat | 14 | 92.86 | Culture | 64.2–99.6 | (Sato et al. 2014) |
| Trichostrongylid | Laos | 2010 | Cattle | 11 | 27.27 | Culture | 7.3–60.6 | (Sato et al. 2014) |
| Q fever | Laos | 2013–2015 | Cattle | 526 | 2.47 | ELISA | 1.4–4.3 | (Douangngeun et al. 2016) |
| Brucellosis | Laos | 2013–2015 | Cattle | 526 | 0.57 | ELISA | 0.15–1.8 | (Douangngeun et al. 2016) |
| T. saginata | Laos | 2006 | Bovine | 905 | 46.40 | ELISA | 43.2–49.7 | (Vongxay et al. 2012) |
| Q-fever | Laos | 2006 | Bovine | 905 | 4.00 | ELISA | 2.7–5.3 | (Vongxay et al. 2012) |
| Leptospirosis | Laos | 2006 | Bovine | 905 | 3.10 | ELISA | 1.9–4.2 | (Vongxay et al. 2012) |
| Tuberculosis | Laos | 2006 | Bovine | 905 | 1 | ELISA | 0.3–1.6 | (Vongxay et al. 2012) |
| Brucellosis | Laos | 2006 | Bovine | 905 | 0.20 | ELISA | 0.0–0.5 | (Vongxay et al. 2012) |
| Cryptosporidium | Malaysia | 2008–2009 | Calves | 120 | 23.33 | PCR | 21.5–32.7 | (Muhid et al. 2011) |
| Fascioliasis | Malaysia | 2017–2018 | Cattle | 308 | 14.61 | Microscopic | 11.0–19.2 | (Ahmad-Najib et al. 2021) |
| Bartonella bovis | Malaysia | 2013 | Cattle | 304 | 3.29 | PCR | 1.7–6.2 | (Kho et al. 2015) |
| Leptospirosis | Malaysia | 2013 | Cattle | 420 | 81.7 | MAT | 63.5– 80.1 | (Daud et al. 2018) |
| Coxiella burnetiid | Philippines | 2016–2019 | Cattle | 512 | 1.37 | PCR | 0.6–2.9 | (Galay et al. 2020) |
| Coxiella burnetiid | Philippines | 2016–2019 | Water buffalo | 108 | 2.78 | PCR | 0.7–8.5 | (Galay et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2013–2016 | Cattle | 131 | 0.76 | Culture | 0.04–4.8 | (Kurilung et al. 2017) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2013–2016 | Cattle | 131 | 12.21 | PCR | 7.4–19.4 | (Kurilung et al. 2017) |
| Babesia | Thailand | 2016 | Cattle | 279 | 30.47 | PCR | 25.2–36.3 | (Jirapattharasate et al. 2017) |
| Bartonella | Thailand | 2021 | Buffalo | 156 | 16.03 | IFAT | 10.65–22.74 | (Boonmar et al. 2021) |
| Coxiella burnetiid | Thailand | 2012–2013 | Dairy | 988 | 4.55 | ELISA | 3.4–6.1 | (Doung-Ngern et al. 2017) |
| Coxiella burnetiid | Thailand | 2012–2013 | Goat | 516 | 3.49 | ELISA | 2.1–5.6 | (Doung-Ngern et al. 2017) |
| Coxiella burnetiid | Thailand | 2012–2013 | Sheep | 48 | 2.08 | ELISA | 0.1–12.5 | (Doung-Ngern et al. 2017) |
| Cryptosporidium | Thailand | 2017 | Dairy cow | 500 | 7.00 | IFAT | 5.0–9.7 | (Inpankaew et al. 2017) |
| Cryptosporidium | Thailand | 2017 | Dairy cow | 500 | 7.60 | PCR | 5.5–10.4 | (Inpankaew et al. 2017) |
| Fasciola gigantica | Thailand | 2010–2012 | Cattle | 55 | 67.27 | PCR | 53.2–79.0 | (Phalee and Wongsawad, 2014) |
| Fasciola | Thailand | 2016–2019 | Bull | 1501 | 2.47 | Microscopic | 1.8–3.4 | (Kaewnoi et al. 2020) |
| Fascioliasis | Vietnam | 2014–2015 | Cattle | 572 | 23.43 | Fecal sedimentation | 20.1–27.2 | (Nguyen et al. 2017) |
| Giardia duodenalis | Vietnam | 2014–2015 | Calves | 412 | 13.83 | Microscopic | 10.8–17.5 | (Nguyen et al. 2016) |
CI: confidence interval; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MAT: Modified agglutination test; FECT: formalin-ether concentration technique; IFAT: indirect fluorescent antibody test.