Table 5.
List of studies focusing on zoonotic diseases in companion animals in Southeast Asia.
| Pathogen | Country | Year of sampling | Species | Sample size | % positive | Diagnostic test | 95% CI | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trematodes | Cambodia | 2012 | Dog | 94 | 2.13 | PCR | 0.37–8.2 | (Schär et al. 2014) |
| Giardia duodenalis | Cambodia | 2012 | Dog | 94 | 2.13 | PCR | 0.37–8.2 | (Schär et al. 2014) |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | Cambodia | 2013–2016 | Dog | 29 | 75.86 | PCR | 56.1–89.0 | (Jaleta et al. 2017) |
| A. ceylanicum | Cambodia | 2012 | Dog | 90 | 94.44 | PCR | 87.0–98.0 | (Inpankaew et al. 2014) |
| Giardia duodenalis | Cambodia | 2011 | Dog | 50 | 4.00 | FECT | 0.7–14.6 | (Inpankaew et al. 2015) |
| Entamaeba | Cambodia | 2011 | Dog | 50 | 2.00 | FECT | 0.1–12.0 | (Inpankaew et al. 2015) |
| Toxocara canis | Cambodia | 2011 | Dog | 50 | 8.00 | FECT | 2.6–20.1 | (Inpankaew et al. 2015) |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | Cambodia | 2011 | Dog | 50 | 8.00 | FECT | 2.6–20.1 | (Inpankaew et al. 2015) |
| Echinostomes | Cambodia | 2011 | Dog | 50 | 18.00 | FECT | 9.0–31.9 | (Inpankaew et al. 2015) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Cambodia | N/A | Dog | 103 | 50.49 | IFAT | 40.5–60.4 | (Nguyen, Kengradomkij, et al. 2021) |
| Toxascaris leonina | Indonesia | 2018–2019 | Cat | 120 | 10.83 | Microscopic | 6.1–18.1 | (Rabbani et al. 2020) |
| Toxascaris leonina | Indonesia | 2018–2019 | Cat | 120 | 18.33 | Microscopic | 12.1–26.7 | (Rabbani et al. 2020) |
| Rickettsia | Laos | N/A | Dog | 60 | 5.00 | PCR | 1.3–14.8 | (Nguyen et al. 2020) |
| Brucella | Laos | N/A | Dog | 60 | 15.00 | PCR | 7.5–27.1 | (Nguyen et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Laos | N/A | Dog | 60 | 1.67 | PCR | 0.09–10.1 | (Nguyen et al. 2020) |
| Ancylostoma | Malaysia | N/A | Dog | 82 | 47.56 | Microscopic | 41.4–54.95 | (Mahdy et al. 2012) |
| Rickettsia felis | Malaysia | 2010 | Dog | 209 | 2.87 | PCR | 1.2–6.4 | (Mokhtar and Tay, 2011) |
| Japanese encephalitis | Malaysia | 2015–2016 | Cat | 90 | 5.60 | ELISA | 8.22–22.98 | (Kumar et al. 2018a) |
| Japanese encephalitis | Malaysia | 2015–2016 | Dog | 45 | 80 | ELISA | 68.31–91.69 | (Kumar et al. 2018a) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Malaysia | 2013–2014 | Dog | 222 | 23.42 | ELISA | 17.8–29.2 | (Watanabe et al. 2020) |
| Taenia | Philippine | 2017 | Dog | 200 | 3.00 | direct smear, flotation, sedimentation | 2.31–3.69 | (Urgel et al. 2019) |
| Ancylostoma | Philippine | 2017 | Dog | 200 | 38.00 | direct smear, flotation, sedimentation | 37.3–38.7 | (Urgel et al. 2019) |
| Anaplasma | Philippines | N/A | Dog | 248 | 22.58 | PCR | 17.6–28.4 | (Galay et al. 2018) |
| Babesia | Philippines | N/A | Dog | 248 | 7.66 | PCR | 4.8–11.9 | (Galay et al. 2018) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2013–2016 | Dog | 58 | 6.90 | Culture | 2.2–17.5 | (Kurilung et al. 2017b) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2013–2016 | Dog | 58 | 10.34 | PCR | 4.3–21.8 | (Kurilung et al. 2017b) |
| Ancylostoma ceylanicum | Thailand | 2019 | Dog | 299 | 26.42 | Microscopic | 21.6–31.9 | (Kladkempetch et al. 2020) |
| Ancylostoma ceylanicum | Thailand | 2019 | Dog | 58 | 96.55 | PCR | 87.0–99.4 | (Kladkempetch et al. 2020) |
| Bartonella | Thailand | 2021 | Cat | 513 | 2.53 | PCR | 1.36–4.29 | (Saengsawang et al. 2021) |
| Brucella | Thailand | 2019 | Dog | 16 | 12.5 | ELISA | 2.2–39.6 | (Ngamkala et al. 2020) |
| Dirofilaria repens | Thailand | 2019 | Dog | 8003 | 0.44 | Microscopic | 0.3–0.61 | (Jitsamai et al. 2021) |
| Opisthorchis viverrini | Thailand | 2014 | Dog | 197 | 40.1 | latex agglutination test | 39.4–40.8 | (Pumidonming et al. 2017) |
| Opisthorchis viverrini | Thailand | 2014 | Cat | 180 | 33.89 | latex agglutination test | 33.2–34.6 | (Pumidonming et al. 2017) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2014–2018 | Dog | 370 | 32.43 | Lepto-latex test | 27.7–37.5 | (Ngasaman et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2014–2018 | Dog | 370 | 0.54 | PCR | 0.1–2.2 | (Ngasaman et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2014–2018 | Cat | 64 | 10.94 | Lepto-latex test | 4.9–21.8 | (Ngasaman et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2014–2018 | Cat | 64 | 7.81 | PCR | 2.9–18.0 | (Ngasaman et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | 2016–2017 | Cat | 260 | 6.15 | PCR | 3.7–10.0 | (Sprißler et al. 2019) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | N/A | Dog | 273 | 4.40 | PCR | 2.0–6.8 | (Altheimer et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | N/A | Dog | 273 | 0.37 | Culture | 0.01–1.1 | (Altheimer et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | N/A | Dog | 273 | 12.09 | MAT | 8.2–16.0 | (Altheimer et al. 2020) |
| Leptospira | Thailand | N/A | Dog | 252 | 44.05 | ELISA | 37.9–50.2 | (Altheimer et al. 2020) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Thailand | 2019 | Dog | 318 | 7.86 | MAT | 4.9–10.8 | (Huertas-López et al. 2021) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Thailand | 2019 | Cat | 321 | 18.70 | MAT | 14.4–23.0 | (Huertas-López et al. 2021) |
| Toxoplasmosis | Thailand | 2016–2017 | Cat | 260 | 6.54 | IFAT | 4.0–10.4 | (Inpankaew et al. 2021) |
| Giardia duodenalis | Vietnam | 2016–2017 | Dog | 209 | 8.61 | Microscopic | 5.3–13.5 | (Nguyen et al. 2018) |
| Trichinella | Vietnam | N/A | Dog | 125 | 4.00 | ELISA | 1.5–9.6 | (Thi et al. 2013) |
CI: confidence interval; N/A: not available; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MAT: Modified agglutination test; FECT: formalin-ether concentration technique; IFAT: indirect fluorescent antibody test.