Table 6.

List of studies focusing on zoonotic diseases in wildlife in Southeast Asia.

Pathogen	Country	Year of sampling	Species	Sample size	% positive	Diagnostic test	95% CI	References
Coronaviruses	Cambodia	2010–2013	Bat	1059	5.76	PCR	4.5–7.4	(Lacroix et al. 2017)
Ebola	Indonesia	2005–2006	Primate	353	18.41	ELISA	14.6–22.9	(Nidom et al. 2012)
Japanese encephalitis	Indonesia	2015–2018	Bat	373	5.63	PCR	3.6–8.6	(Diptyanusa et al. 2021)
Coronaviruses	Laos	2010–2013	Bat	906	3.53	PCR	2.5–5.0	(Lacroix et al. 2017)
Bandicota indica	Laos	2020	Rodent	310	31.29	Microscopic	26.2–36.8	(Sithay et al. 2020)
Bandicota savilei	Laos	2020	Rodent	310	10.32	Microscopic	7.3–14.4	(Sithay et al. 2020)
Leopoldamys edwardsi	Laos	2020	Rodent	310	58.39	Microscopic	52.7–63.9	(Sithay et al. 2020)
Leptospira	Malaysia	2011–2012	Rat	300	6.67	Culture	4.2–10.3	(Benacer et al. 2013)
Trichostrongylus	Malaysia	2016–2017	Macaques	21	52.38	Direct smear, flotation, sedimentation	30.3–73.6	(Choong et al. 2019)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Malaysia	2019–2020	Wild boars	30	16.67	ELISA	7.3–33.5	(Lekko et al. 2021a)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Malaysia	2019–2020	Wild boars	12	75.00	PCR	46.8–91.1	(Lekko et al. 2021b)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Malaysia	2019–2020	Macaques	30	33.33	PCR	19.2–51.2	(Lekko et al. 2021b)
Taenia taeniaeformis	Malaysia	2018–2019	Rat	89	28.09	PCR	19.3–38.8	(Tijjani et al. 2020)
Plasmodium	Malaysia	2016	Macaques	103	62.14	PCR	52.0–71.4	(Amir et al. 2020)
Rickettsiae	Malaysia	2008–2011	Rat	95	13.68	PCR	7.8–22.6	(Tay et al. 2014)
Coronaviruses	Myanmar	2016–2018	Bat	759	6.32	PCR	4.7–8.4	(Valitutto et al. 2020)
Campylobacter	Philippines	2015	Bat	91	5.49	PCR	2.0–12.9	(Hatta et al. 2016)
Bartonella	Thailand	2011	Deer	247	3.64	Culture	1.8–7.0	(Pangjai et al. 2018)
Chlamydia	Thailand	2017	Crocodile	138	91.30	PCR	85.0–95.2	(Paungpin et al. 2021)
Gongylonema neoplasticum	Thailand	2014	Rat	98	36.80	Microscopic	29.1 − 49.2	(Ribas, Saijuntha, Agatsuma, Thongjun, et al. 2016)
Raillietina sp.	Thailand	2014	Rat	98	34.70	Microscopic	25.4 − 45.0	(Ribas, Saijuntha, Agatsuma, Thongjun, et al. 2016)
Capillaria hepatica	Thailand	2014	Rat	98	64.29	Microscopic	53.9–73.5	(Ribas, Saijuntha, Agatsuma, Thongjun, et al. 2016)
Salmonella	Thailand	2014	Rat	110	49.09	PCR	39.5–58.7	(Ribas, Saijuntha, Agatsuma, Prantlová, et al. 2016)
Trypanosoma	Thailand	2015	Rat	100	21.00	PCR	13.8–30.5	(Molee et al. 2019)
Kobuviruses	Vietnam	2012–2014	Wild boars	45	42.22	PCR	28.0–57.8	(Van Dung et al. 2016)
L. interrogans	Vietnam	2017–2018	Rat	144	11.81	Culture	7.2–18.5	(Koizumi et al. 2019)
L. interrogans	Vietnam	2017–2018	Rat	88	26.14	PCR	17.6–36.8	(Koizumi et al. 2019)
Leptospira	Vietnam	2012–2013	Rat	241	18.26	MAT	13.7–23.8	(Loan et al. 2015)
Leptospira	Vietnam	2012–2013	Rat	275	5.82	PCR	3.5–9.5	(Loan et al. 2015)
Hantavirus	Vietnam	2012–2013	Rat	275	6.91	PCR	4.3–10.8	(Van Cuong et al. 2015)
Hantavirus	Vietnam	2006–2009	Rat	1066	5.63	ELISA	4.4–7.2	(Luan et al. 2012)
Bartonella	Vietnam	2010, 2013, 2014, and 2018	Rodent	133	31.58	PCR	23.9–40.3	(Anh et al. 2021)
Rickettsia	Vietnam	2010, 2013, 2014, and 2018	Rodent	133	24.81	PCR	17.9–33.2	(Anh et al. 2021)
Leptospira	Vietnam	2010, 2013, 2014, and 2018	Rodent	133	18.05	PCR	12.1–25.9	(Anh et al. 2021)
Trichinella	Vietnam	2010–2013	Wild boars	62	3.23	PCR	0.8– 4.8	(Thi et al. 2014)
Trichinella	Vietnam	2010–2013	Rat	820	2.80	PCR	13.7–32.3	(Thi et al. 2014)

CI: confidence interval; N/A: not available; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MAT: Modified agglutination test.