Table 4.

Gender Differences in Midlife Adults’ Reports of Involvement with Their Aging Parents.

	Contact				Relationship Qualities
	In-person contact		Telephone contact		Positive relation quality		Negative relation quality
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Fixed effects
Intercept	5.37***	0.84	5.87***	0.75	3.40***	0.34	2.72***	0.37
Parent gendera	−0.58***	0.10	−0.88***	0.12	−0.30***	0.06	0.29***	0.06
Offspring gendera	−0.14	0.15	−0.38**	0.13	0.06	0.06	0.01	0.07
Covariates
Parent education	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01
Parent first marriageb	0.00	0.17	0.08	0.15	0.15	0.07	—0.27***	0.07
Parent healthc	0.10	0.06	0.18**	0.06	0.15***	0.03	—0.10***	0.03
Offspring age	−0.01	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	−0.01	0.01
Minority statusd	0.55***	0.16	0.28	0.15	0.15	0.07	0.04	0.07
Random effect
Intercept VAR	2.49***	0.23	0.98***	0.24	0.13	0.05	0.11	0.07
Residual VAR		0.13	2.33***	0.23	0.57***	0.05	0.73***	0.07
−2 log likelihood	3,414.1		3,390.1		2,105.8		2,314.3

Support Midlife Participants Provide to Aging Parents
	Emotional support	Listening	Advice	Practical support	Financial support
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Fixed effects
Intercept	5.54***	0.88	6.31***	0.77	4.36***	0.85	5.23***	0.90	1.74	0.67
Parent gendera	−1.06***	0.11	−1.16***	0.11	−0.97***	0.11	−0.80***	0.11	−0.46***	0.08
Offspring gendera	−0.59***	0.16	−0.60***	0.14	−0.32	0.15	−0.15	0.16	0.25	0.12
Covariates
Parent education	−0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01
Parent first marriageb	−0.54**	0.17	−0.19	0.15	−0.47**	0.17	−0.56**	0.18	−0.49**	0.13
Parent healthc	−0.04	0.06	0.10	0.06	0.01	0.06	−0.10	0.06	−0.04	0.05
Offspring age	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.02	−0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01
Minority statusd	0.38	0.17	−0.03	0.15	0.31	0.17	0.43	0.18	1.00***	0.13
Random effect
Intercept VAR	2.54***	0.25	1.42***	0.22	2.27***	0.25	2.89***	0.27	1.53***	0.16
Residual VAR	1.68***	0.16	1.98***	0.19	1.67***	0.17	1.55***	0.15	0.91***	0.10
−2 log likelihood	3,512.7		3,392.0		3,465.8		3,533.1		3,045.9

Note. Parents n = 868, Offspring n = 633. Outcomes were rated 1 = less than once a year or never; 2 = yearly; 3 = a few times a year; 4 = monthly; 5 = a few times a month; 6 = weekly; 7 = a few times a week; and 8 = daily. VAR = variance.

^a1 = male; and 0 = female.

^b1 = married to offspring’s other parent; and 0 = not married to offspring’s other parent.

^c1 = poor; 2 = fair; 3 = good; 4 = very good; and 5 = excellent.

^d1 = minority; and 0 = nonminority.

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.