Table 3. Descriptive Table of CRC Supported CHW Projects (2007–2022).

Year	Country	Project Name	Objective of Project	Local National Society Supported & relationship	Canadian Red Cross Role & Sub-Service Line Area	Other key players (MoH, Community Health Orgs., NGOs, other NSs)	What did CHWs do in the program (i.e., type of health service delivery) and how was the service implemented?
2007–2010	Multi-Country: Kenya, Mali, Togo, Madagascar, Nigeria	Integrated Child Survival	To integrate long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLNs) into supplementary immunization campaigns and have LLNs distributed to caretakers of children attending the vaccination/distribution posts, ensuring post campaign "hang-up" and "keep-up" activities, implementing community based front line malaria diagnosis and treatment and providing funds of last report for supplementary immunisation activities.	Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS), Togo Red Cross (TRC)	Operational, financial and logistics support; technical monitoring/advisory capacity strengthening, planning, collaboration, and coordination; technical expertise; training	Ministry of Health and Sanitation, IFRC	CHWs were trained and provided LLNs to communities and carried out awareness campaigns on "hang-up" and "keep-up" campaigns. Additionally, CHWs were trained and provided diagnosis, referral and treatment of uncomplicated Malaria. 1.8M LLNs were distributed in Mali, 491,000 in Madagascar, 830,000 in Togo, 560,000 in Nigeria. 3.8M in total were distributed. In Togo, CHWs also undertook a nutrition campaign and in Nigeria a measles campaign. CHWs achieved a 92% fever treatment for children within 24 hours.
2011–2012	South Sudan	Warrap Integrated Community Health	To help meet the basic needs of conflict and natural disaster-affected communities in Warrap State, particularly women & children; key objectives include improved access to appropriate medical treatments and services; increased use of improved water supply and sanitation; improved coordination among communities, MoH, RWSS and SRCS in addressing communities’ health, water and sanitation priorities).	South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC)	Capacity strengthening, recruitment, training, financial and logistic supports (boreholes), technical expertise (iCCM and Health Promotion)	Ministry of Health; Ministry responsible for water at the time in South Sudan	CHWs were trained in Community based health and first aid (CBHFA), delivered health messages/care for: malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia, polio, malnutrition, breastfeeding, newborn care, water purification/contamination​
2011–2015	South Sudan	Building Community Resilience Project Eastern Equatoria, South Sudan	To increase the food security and sustainable farming practices of communities in eight Bomas in Korimi and Lotukei Payams, Budi County, Eastern Equatoria, South Sudan.	South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC)	Capacity strengthening, recruitment & training of Youth, financial support (Health Systems Strengthening & Health Promotion)	The South Sudan Ministries of Agriculture and Forestry, Water, and Health; Department of Foreign Affairs and International Development of the Government of Canada (DFATD) (Canada)	Community members received training on proper gardening techniques (11 Farmer Schools created to learn new agricultural practices). Project supported rehabilitation of 16 boreholes and addition of 11 new ones for access to clean water. Trained communities worked as pump mechanics/repairers. Youth volunteers were recruited and trained to deliver BCC messaging on sanitation, nutrition, hygiene in their communities. Youth also received vocational skills to improve business acumen and trained in humanitarian principles and conflict resolution.
2011–2015	Mali	Improving Maternal, Newborn and Child Health in Mali	Aimed to increase efforts to reduce neonatal, under-5 and maternal mortality through the scaling up of iCCM and MNCH services at the village level by Community Health Workers (CHWs), and well-trained CRM volunteers, supported by Village Health Committees. (1) increased use of MNCH services and preventative practices at the community level by women, male and female children under-five (2) improved quality, including gender sensitivity, of MoH MNCH services at the regional, district and community levels.	Croix-Rouge malienne (Malian Red Cross)	Operational, financial and logistics support; capacity strengthening, planning, collaboration, and coordination; technical expertise; training	Ministry of Health, Fédération Nationale des Association de Santé Communautaire (National Federation of Community Health Associations)	CHWs were trained to assess, treat, and refer cases of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea in children under 5 (iCCM). The specific services provided included health education, promotion of prenatal and postnatal visits, provision of family planning methods, household visits, and diagnosis and treatment of common childhood illnesses. They also promoted the community referral pathway and the inclusion of men in women’s health.
2012–2015	Kenya	Improvement of Resiliency in Communities Due to Chronic Drought Conditions in West & East Pokot, Kenya	To enhance food security, reducing water borne diseases, promoting better sanitation practices, and increasing resilience to common livelihood and health risks in the area. Worked on improved resilience to hazards and shocks in 11 targeted communities by increasing community capacity to mitigate risks and support them diversifying their livelihoods through grassroots approaches.	Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS)	Capacity strengthening, recruitment, training, financial and logistic supports (boreholes), technical expertise (Health Systems Strengthening & Health Promotion in context Climate Change & Health)	UNICEF	KRCS established and trained 60 hygiene promotion CHWs to promote behaviour change including: community health training sessions; public health education campaigns; school-based hygiene education; and household visits by trained volunteers to deliver health education and services.
2012–2015	Kenya	Improving Maternal, Newborn and Child survival in West Pokot County, Pokot Central district, Kenya	To work with communities and relevant Ministries to scale-up delivery of basic health services to poor people living in rural areas. This part of the project focuses on maternal child health services and rolling out iCCM approach through CHWs as primary-level intervention in the hopes MoH-Community lineages will be strengthened.	Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS)	Technical support (project management, monitoring/evaluation), technical monitoring/advisory capacity strengthening, planning, collaboration and coordination (RMNCAH)	Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED) and Ministry of Health in Kenya	Trained CHWs received reporting tools, information Education Communication (IEC) materials, drugs and equipment to facilitate health education and management and referral of cases of sick children (had bicycles to transport themselves to respective communities). CHWs managed diarrhea cases with ORS and Zinc and continued referring cases <5 with pneumonia and severe cases of malaria to health facilities. Through ACETED, communities were supported on income generation.
2012–2015	Liberia	Improving Maternal, Newborn, and Child Survival in Liberia	To reduce maternal, neonatal, and child morbidity and mortality rates in Liberia by improving access to and quality of MNCH services. Specifically, the project aimed to improve the primary health care services through a standard set of outreach, preventive, promotion, basic curative and referral services.	Liberia National Red Cross Society (LNRCS)	Technical and project management support from the Canadian Red Cross (RMNCAH)	Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) in Liberia	Community health volunteers were trained to assess, treat, and refer cases of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea in children under 5. The specific services provided by volunteers included health education, counseling, provision of family planning methods, and diagnosis and treatment of common childhood illnesses. They provided these services through a door-to-door approach in their communities, and they were supervised by community health officers (CHOs) and nurses. They used no touch technique which was promoted by WHO/MoH during the outbreak of Ebola virus in 2014. The program also provided the volunteers with bicycles and other supplies to facilitate their work.
2013–2015	Somaliland	Community Resilience Project	To enhance resilience of target communities as well as their capacity to effectively respond to disasters through (i) Disaster Management (DM) capacity strengthening of SRCS—training staff and volunteers on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA); (ii) increasing community knowledge and awareness on natural hazard/climate change—recruiting community social mobilizers, (iii) improving hygiene practices for safe water & (iv) strengthening community livelihoods through small scale DRR initiatives (support farmers with ploughing ahead of rainy seasons, alternative livelihoods.	Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS)	Operational, financial and logistics support (Health Systems Strengthening, Health Promotion in context of Climate Change & Health)	German Red Cross; Norwegian Red Cross; informal partnership with Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Water Resources in Somaliland and Amu University	Volunteers were trained in community emergency response teams across six regions. Additionally, Government staff members and volunteers received training on basic disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CAA) to enhance community knowledge and awareness regarding natural hazards and climate change. To facilitate effective communication and information dissemination within these communities, six community social mobilizers were recruited and trained to conduct information, education, and communication (IEC) activities to actively involve and inform their respective communities.
2014–2018	Liberia	The Ebola Case Management in West Africa project	To improve the recovery process and reduce the vulnerability of people affected by the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) by strengthening and promoting the use of essential health services; improving access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in targeted health facilities and schools; improving psychosocial support (PSS) for Ebola-affected communities; and enhancing LNRCS and communities’ preparedness and response to emergencies and epidemics.	Liberia National Red Cross Society (LNRCS)	Operational, financial and logistics support (Health Systems Strengthening and Health Promotion)	Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) in Liberia, NGOs including UNICEF, WHO, PLAN, MEALS, ACF, DRC	Volunteers were trained and carried out Community Based Health and First Aid (CBHFA), Community Event Based Surveillance (CEBS), epidemic control for volunteers, and logistics for health disaster response for LNRCS chapter. They also provided Information, Education, Communication (IEC) / Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) materials on epidemics to communities (e.g.: EVD, Lassa fever, bloody diarrheas, cholera and Ebola). They also conducted awareness activities with targeted communities to promote the re-utilization of health facility services especially in the areas of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child (RMNC) health (including vaccination campaigns), including WASH/Hygiene awareness sessions in schools. Were trained to Identify, assess and refer cases requiring special PSS and report info to the national referral system for specialized care (mental health services, child services, child protection measures). Facilitated the provision of direct psychological first aid to individuals and families through peer-to-peer approach (women and girl friendly spaces).
2014–2018	Guinea	The Red Cross and Ebola Recovery in Guinea:	To improve the quality of the services in the sanitary structures, with particular attention to the prevention and control of infections (special focus on Ebola but also meningitis, cholera, malaria), improve community capacity to detect, treat and isolate cases, community awareness activities and the reduction of burdens imposed on households to access health services and medicines including raising confidence of the healthy system among populations.	Guinea Red Cross (GRC)	Capacity strengthening, planning collaboration and coordination as well as operational, financial, logistics and technical support. CRC participated in the emergency health response and guide the Guinean Republic through their Strengthening of the local health system (Health Systems Strengthening and Health Promotion).	French Red Cross (FRC); Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (at the national, regional, and prefectural/district levels); Regional Health Directorates, Local Ministry of Health; Health Facilities in Macenta and Guéckédou	Volunteers participated in community raising initiatives on health indicators, symptoms, treatment, prevention, and isolation requirements of infections including Ebola, importance of visiting healthcare centres, proper hygiene, psycho-social support, and personal protective equipment. Red cross volunteers trained and provided supportive supervision to health facility staff to support skills/practice which included immunizations, raising awareness of common MNCH conditions (i.e., child diarrhea, pneumonia) and epidemics (i.e., Ebola). Volunteers also provided bridging between health facilities and communities to provide community-based services. About 14 health facilities were rehabilitated with solar panels to help power water, electricity, sanitation. Staff were trained Training of healthcare staff in facilities on the maintenance of proper water quality and waste removal, and hygiene measures.
2014–2019	South Sudan	“Improving Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival Project in the Gogrial West, Warrap State, South Sudan	To reduce maternal, newborn and child mortality by increasing the awareness of, demand for, and access to a range of health services at the community level, including Integrated Community Case Management of childhood illnesses (iCCM); health promotion and prevention; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH); and capacity strengthening in a range of areas. South Sudan Red Cross.	South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC)	Operational, Financial and Logistics Support (RMNCAH)	Global Affairs Canada (GAC) & Ministry of Health in South Sudan	The project implemented the newly established Boma Health Initiative, which is the Ministry of Health’s community based-health strategy. CHWS were trained and delivered health promotion messages in communities as well as resources (i.e., reusable sanitary pads, soaps, insecticide treated nets) delivered to women, newborns, children; they also provided iCCM (identified & treated uncomplicated Pneumonia, Malaria and diarrhoea cases); an additional component on menstrual hygiene promotion delivered by red cross volunteers was piloted in schools and led to current project for South Sudan dedicated to menstrual hygiene. Close to 70 bore holes were drilled to provide clean water to communities. Created water management community committees, so many women were trained on how to manage borehole as well as had mechanics trained to repair boreholes if broken. Water management community committees were trained by project team, and each village had two community (Home Health Promoters) who were linked with water management committees to continue awareness. For EVD messages: The aim of this approach is to reach one on one, discuss some of the misconception and myths of community in relation to Ebola Viral disease in order to the have clear understanding of the cause, signs and symptoms, transmission, and preventive measure of the disease.
2016–2021	Mali	Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Project in Mali (2016–2021)	To contribute to the reduction of maternal and infant mortality in the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro and covered six health districts. for improved health service delivery and utilization for mothers, newborns and children under five as well as Increased use of maternal, newborn and under-five child health data by policy makers.	Croix-Rouge malienne (Malian Red Cross)	Operational, Financial and Logistics Support; Capacity Strengthening, planning, collaboration, and coordination; Training	SickKids Hospital in Toronto; Global Affairs Canada (funding), Ministry of Health and Social Development of Mali, Pharmacie Populaire du Mali; ACTED (French NGO); MenEngage	The project supported 440 CHWs and 160 primary health clinics in Koulikoro Region. CHW were trained in and delivered iCCM: assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of uncomplicated cases of malaria, pneumonia, cold/cough and diarrhea for children <5 yrs. and referring complicated cases. Screening and referral of newborns with danger signs. Awareness and counselling on family planning and distribution of select modern contraceptives. Screening and referral of children under 5 for malnutrition. Engaged different community stakeholders, including religious leaders and village chiefs, in discussions & activities about social norms that undermine MNCH. Operational research in using low-does high-frequency training to facility staff; Supported select community structures (ASACOs) generate income to fund their clinics and CHWS. Installation of solar energy infrastructure in rural maternity homes to enable delivery services 24 hours a day.
2018–2019	Uganda	Integrated Community Health and Epidemic Readiness	The purpose of the project is two-fold: 1) to improve the health of South Sudanese refugees and host communities in the West Nile region. This is done by increasing the capacity of URCS volunteers in providing community-based health services with a focus of women and children’s health, as they are the most vulnerable groups, as well as increasing capacity of URCS volunteers to prevent, detect and respond to potential disease outbreaks in the targeted communities; 2) to improve the psychological well-being of South Sudanese refugees and host communities in the West Nile region.	Ugandan Red Cross Society (URCS)	Health and SGBV-related technical support as well as operational and logistics support (project management).	Icelandic Red Cross (IceRC); Refugee and host communities at Bidi Bidi, Imvepi and Rhino settlements, Government of Uganda, UNHCR and other UN agencies such as UNICEF, WFP and UNFPA, RCRC partners, IFRC and ICRC and Non-Governmental Organizations such as OXFAM, AIRD, MSF, World Vision and others.	Increased the capacity and knowledge of URCS volunteers in SGBV prevention practices to conduct community outreach activities. These activities complemented the capacity strengthening of URCS volunteers in Psychosocial Supports (PSS) to support targeted communities in responding to their mental health needs.
2019–2020	South Sudan	Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Preparedness for South Sudan	To increase Ebola Virus Disease Preparedness and Response in South Sudan.	South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC)	Collaboration/Coordination; Technical expertise; Training (Health Systems Strengthening and Health Promotion)	The EVD National Task Force (NTF); IFRC; Ministry of Health (MoH) and Government of South Sudan, EVD National Task Force (NTF), WHO + other NSs = Danish Red Cross, Netherlands Red Cross, Swedish Red Cross, Norwegian Red Cross, Finish Red Cross, Norwegian Red Cross, Swiss Red Cross, Canadian Red Cross and Turkish Red Crescent.	Volunteers were trained (32 females and 46 males) on Safe and Dignified Burial (SDB) in the two locations (Nimule and Yambio) and on Risk Communication, Community Engagement and Social Mobilization (RCCE). CHW’s worked with their communities to discuss some of the misconception and myths of community in relation to Ebola Viral disease in order to the have clear understanding of the cause, signs and symptoms, transmission and preventive measure of the disease. Safe and Dignified Burial was effective in preventing the spread of the infection when endorsed locally by community leaders through a by-law. The CHW team equally comprised of men and women, were well trained and sensitive to cultural aspects of the burials, and religious norms. EVD Burial sites were provided with engagement of and by the communities of in the project sites.
2019-ongoing	South Sudan	Advance Partnerships in Health–RMNCAH Project in South Sudan	To increase knowledge and change behavior regarding reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in the community; to increase awareness of the PHC services, early referral and monitoring key critical cases after treatment at PHC units; documentation and learning from implementation to build a community health model in the context of insecurity and conflict in South Sudan.	South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC)	Capacity Strengthening, planning, collaboration, and coordination, focusing on partnerships. (RMNCAH)	International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was an implementing partner. MoH was directly involved in recruitment and training of Boma Health Workers	Assisting with purchase of medical supplies for health facility, as well as training CHWs for(i) community-based case finding and referral of common illnesses of childhood (malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia) as well as antenatal care, danger signs, delivery, and family planning, (ii) defaulter tracing for immunization (iii) nutritional screening and referral on RMNCAH topics as well as (iv) health and hygiene promotion on several RMNCAH topics safe (safe motherhood practices, nutrition, child health, family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual and gender-based violence including referral channels, psychological first aid,).
2021–2022	Somaliland	Strengthening Service Delivery of Emergency Response in Somaliland	To improve the response of the Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS) to the health and emergency needs of vulnerable populations affected by the COVID-19 crisis, the pre-existing complex humanitarian situation, and natural disasters in Somaliland. To address the health in emergency needs, the project supported mobile health clinic operations to provide integrated health and nutrition services to most remote communities during the second and third waves of COVID-19. The project also supported the implementation of the SRCS COVID-19 Plan of Action, in coordination with other Partner National Societies (PNS), to combat the second and third waves of COVID-19 and build vaccination awareness. The project built institutional capacity on epidemic preparedness and response (EPR) for volunteers for a multiplying effect in communities.	Somaliland Red Crescent Society (SRCS)	Operational, Financial, Logistics and Technical support.	Ministry of Health Development (MoHD), Ministry of Family Planning and Family Affairs, and the Ministry of Planning and Development of Somaliland, Icelandic Red Cross	During the project period SRCS G&G, EPR and PHC Managers carried out a series of trainings on the PGI component. These trainings covered PSEA, SGBV-VAC, FGM, and PSS for SRCS staff, volunteers and PHC staff. SRCS trained 126 SRCS staff, 688 volunteers and 19 PHC staff on PGI.
2020-Ongoing	Central African Republic	Advance Partnerships in Health–RMNCAH Project in CAR	To increase knowledge and change behavior regarding reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in the community; to increase awareness of the PHC services, early referral and monitoring key critical cases after treatment at PHC units; documentation and learning from implementation to build a community health model in the context of insecurity and conflict in Central African Republic.	Central African Republic Red Cross Society (CARCS)	Operational, Financial, Logistics and Technical support. Recruitment and training of CHWs and equipment with outreach materials (bicycles, backpacks), support CAR NS with community engagement.	Ministry of Health in CAR	Training CHWs for (i) community-based case finding and referral of common illnesses of childhood (malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia) as well as antenatal care, danger signs, delivery, and family planning, (ii) defaulter tracing for immunization (iii) nutritional screening and referral on RMNCAH topics as well as (iv) health and hygiene promotion on several RMNCAH topics (safe motherhood practices, nutrition, child health, family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual and gender-based violence including referral channels, psychological first aid,). Additionally, through community engagement, outcomes included (i) a community-based referral system where communities themselves identified what type of system and support they need to have a referral system (i.e., who need to go to health facility), so the community led and owned initiative included 6 community motorbike ambulances to transport women in labour, (ii) as a result of the CHW sensitization work, 2500 new latrines and 1500 dish racks were constructed by the community themselves (their own initiatives).