Table 3.

Potential therapeutic strategies based on brain-gut-microbiota axis for ALS.

	Experimental subject		Conclusion	Ref.
	Animal model	Human volunteer
FMT
Mandrioli et al	_	42 patients diagnosed with ALS	No research results	[152]
Probiotics
Blacher E et al Gotkine et al	SOD1(G93A) mice	_	Improved movement ability and survival rate after oral administration of Akkermansia muciniphila; Increased content of NAM	[50][89]
Di Gioia et al	_	28 males and 22 females diagnosed with ALS (mean age 60.24 years); 28 males and 22 females' matched controls (mean age 53.60 years)	After patients with ALS were treated with a probiotic formula consisting of five lactic acids, the diversity of the gut microbiota of the patients was regulated	[155]
Prebiotics
Etxeberria et al	Wistar rats	_	Increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal tract after intake of quercetin for six weeks	[157]
Jeong et al	C57/BL6 mice	_	Increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal tract after a period of green tea intake	[158]
Song et al	SOD1(G93A) mice	_	Increased life span; decreased loss of motor neurons; inhibited expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α and iNOS after intake of GOS and prebiotic yogurt rich in GOS	[161]
Postbiotics
Zhang et al	SOD1(G93A) mice	_	Significant recovery of the intestinal barrier function; delay in the progress of ALS disease; increased life span after butyrate treatment	[99]
Ogbu et al	SOD1(G93A) mice	_	Obviously decreased of inflammatory factors such as IL-17 and LPS after butyrate treatment	[134]
Kaji R et al	_	260 patients diagnosed with ALS	Prolonged survival and improved the symptoms of ALS patients (diagnosed within 1 year of symptom onset) after treatment with ultra-high doses of mecobalamin	[166]
Oki R et al	_	126 patients diagnosed with ALS (completed the observation period and double-blind stage)	Prolonged survival and improved the symptoms of ALS patients (diagnosed within 1 year of symptom onset) after treatment with ultra-high doses of mecobalamin	[167]