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. 2024 Jan 18;9:14. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00807-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Composition and main features of CmRNA-LPP nanovaccine formulations. The elimination of cap, UTRs, chain length minimization, and polyadenylation removal result in a more potent and stable CmRNA. Loading CmRNA within LPPs with high stability, versatility, and scalability improves its bioavailability. b Schematic illustration of the potential immunogenicity and anti-tumor function of the minimal neo-vaccine therapy, showing the activation of a strong immune response against the tumor by the induction of tumor-specific T-cell responses and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. CmRNA-LPP nanovaccines are taken up via endocytosis and undergo endo/lysosomal escape, crucial for successful neo-vaccine therapeutics. This immune response can induce tumor cell death and generate long-term memory T cells, leading to a sustained anti-tumor effect. Created with BioRender.com.