Table 1.

Comparison of key characteristics between cmRNA and circRNA.

Characteristic	CmRNA	circRNA
Stability	Engineered for stability with chemical modifications.	Naturally stable due to its circular structure.
Translatability	Highly cap-independent for efficient protein synthesis.	Reduced cap-independent efficiency due to circular structure.
Customization	Customizable for precise modifications at specific positions.	Restricted customization due to the intricate circular structure.
Delivery Efficiency	Efficiently delivered using various vehicles.	Limitations in targeted delivery capabilities.
Mechanistic Understanding	Boasts extensive mechanistic understanding.	Mechanistic understanding evolves.
Therapeutic Applications	Diverse therapeutic applications due to stability and translatability.	Early-stage exploration for therapeutic applications.

CmRNA Chemically synthesized minimal mRNA, circRNA Circular RNA.