Table 2.
Lipid-based mRNA vaccine formulations used in (pre)clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy.
| Cancer Type | Stage | Target Antigen | mRNA Vaccine | Clinical Trial Phase | Company/Institution | LNP Size (nm) | LNP Components | Additional Information | Refer/NCT No |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melanoma | III/IV | NY-ESO-1 | TriMixDC-MEL | II | KU Leuven | ~100 | Lipidoid, DSPC, Chol., PEG-lipid | Targets MAGE-A3, and survivin | 51 |
| CRC | I/II | GCC | mRNA-2416 | I | Moderna | ~80–100 | DSPC, Chol., PEG-lipid | NA | 52,53 |
| Melanoma | I/II | IP-10 | TAA | I | BioNTech | ~120–200 | R-DOTMA, DOPE, Chol., PEG-lipid | Targets TLR-4, subsequently IFN-α | 54, NCT02410733 |
| Breast Cancer | II/IIIC | gp100 and 3 TAAs | TAA | I | BioNTech | ~150–230 | R-DOTMA, DOTAP, DOPE | NA | NCT02316457 |
| Solid Tumors | NA | NA | mRNA-2752 | I | Moderna | NA | NA | OX40L, IL-23, IL-36γ | NCT03323398 |
| Ovarian Cancer | III/IV | MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO-1 | CIMT421A101 | I | CureVac | ~ 80–120 | Lipidoid, DSPC, Chol., PEG-lipid | MAGE-A1, MAGE-A4, survivin, TERT, TPTE | 55 |
| Bladder Carcinoma and NSCLC | III/IV | EGFRvIII | mRNA-4157 | I | Moderna | NA | Lipoplex, SM-102, DSPC, Chol., PEG-lipid | NA | NCT03313778 |
| Melanoma | III/IV | EGFRvIII | mRNA-4157 | II | Moderna | ~200 | DLin-MC3-DMA, DSPC, PEG-DMG, Chol. | NA | 50,63 |
| CRC, NSCLC, Pancreatic Cancer | II/III | KRAS mutations | mRNA-5671 | I | Merck | NA | NA | G12D, G12V, G13D or G12C driver mutations | NCT03948763 |
| Advanced Gastric Cancers | III/IV | NA | NA | I | Stemirna | NA | Lipopolyplex | NA | NCT03468244 |
| Melanoma; NSCLC | II/III | splenic antigen-presenting cells | TAA + TriMixDC | Pre-Clinical trail | NA | ~230 | Lipopolyplex: PEG–HpK, TriMan‐liposome | NA | 23 |
| Glioblastoma Multiforme | III/IV | EGFRvIII | mRNA-4157 | I | Moderna | ~80-100 | DSPC, Chol., PEG-lipid | PD-1/PD-L1, VEGF | 56 |
mRNA Messenger RNA, LNPs Lipid nanoparticles, NCT No Clinical Trial Number, NY-ESO-1 New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1, KU Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, DSPC Distearoylphosphatidylcholine, Chol. Cholesterol, PEG Polyethylene Glycol, CRC Colorectal Cancer, GCC Guanylyl cyclase C, IP-10 Induced protein 10, MAGE-A3: TAA Tumor-Associated Antigen, R-DOTMA R-dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane, DOPE Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, TLR Toll-like receptor, IFN Interferon, gp100 Glycoprotein 100, NA not-available, OX40L OX40 Ligand, IL-23 Interleukin-23, IL-36γ Interleukin-36 gamma, DC Dendritic cell, TERT Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase, TPTE Transmembrane Phosphatase with Tensin Homology, NSCLC Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, EGFRvIII Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; KRAS: Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog; G12D: Glycine to Aspartic Acid mutation at codon 12; G12V: Glycine to Valine mutation at codon 12, G13D Glycine to Aspartic Acid mutation at codon 13, G12C Glycine to Cysteine mutation at codon 12, PD-1 Programmed Cell Death Protein 1, PD-L1 Programmed Death-Ligand 1, VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.
TriMixDC-MEL: An mRNA-based dendritic cell vaccine for melanoma, combining costimulatory molecules and cytokines.
mRNA-2416: Targets tumors expressing GCC, primarily effective against colorectal cancer.
TAA mRNA: Encodes cancer-associated antigens, provoking an immune response against cancer cells.
mRNA-2752: An mRNA-based therapy encoding OX40L, IL-23, and IL-36γ pro-inflammatory cytokines.
CIMT421A101: mRNA vaccine containing seven cancer-testis antigens, including MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, NY-ESO-1, survivin, TERT, and TPTE.
mRNA-4157: Targets EGFRvIII-expressing tumors, primarily glioblastoma multiforme.
mRNA-5671: A tetravalent vaccine addressing driver mutations in the KRAS gene, including G12D, G12V, G13D, and G12C.