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. 2024 Jan 18;14:1621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49761-3

Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in systematic review.

Study ID Authors Publication year Study type Pain type Intervention Sample size Mean age Country Included for MA Included for NMA
1 Weizman et al. 2018 P–C, RCT Chronic-pain THC 17 33.3 Israel No No
2 Krebs et al. 2018 RCT Back, Arthritis, Chronic-pain Opioid 240 56.8 USA No No
3 AbdelHafeez et al. 2019 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Gabapentin 60 32.7 UK Yes Yes
4 Bushey et al. 2021 RCT Chronic-pain Opioid 241 37 USA No No
5 Bruehl et al. 2021 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Chronic-pain Morphine + Naloxone 191 36.5 USA No No
6 Worley et al. 2015 RCT Chronic-pain Buprenorphine/Naloxone 149 USA No No
7 Dindo et al. 2018 Single-blinded, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain ACT 76 62.2 USA No No
8 Hruschak et al. 2019 Single-blinded, RCT Chronic-pain IPGT 30 53.9 USA No No
9 Azevedo et al. 2013 Chronic-pain Opioid 2213 45 Portugal No No
10 Gudin et al. 2020 Open-label, P–C, Uncontrolled Low-back, Noncancer, Chronic-pain NKTR-181 402 52 USA No No
11 Stahl et al. 2019 RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Venlafaxine 209 69.6 USA No No
12 Schliessbach et al. 2018 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Imipramine 50 54.4 Switzerland No No
13 Mohamed et al. 2016 Double-blind, RCT PostsurgicalNeuropathic, Cancer, Chronic-pain Morphine 90 50.43 Egypt No No
14 Schliessbach et al. 2018 P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Oxycodone + Imipramine + Clobazam 98 55 Switzerland No Yes
15 Hermans et al. Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Arthritis, Chronic-pain Naloxone 31 39.8 Belgium No No
16 Todorov et al. 2005 Chronic-pain Gabapentin + Tiagabine 91 42 USA No Yes
17 Sadatsune et al. Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Gabapentin 40 51.5 Brazil No No
18 Edwards et al. 2016 RCT Back, Chronic-pain Opioid 31 49 USA No No
19 Katz et al. 2011 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Naproxen + Tanezumab 129 52.1 USA No No
20 Hayek et al. 2021 Double-blind, RCT, Crossover Chronic-pain Opioid + Bupivacaine 16 63.1 USA No No
21 Schliessbach et al. 2017 Double-blind, P–C, Crossover Back, Chronic-pain Clobazam 49 54.3 Switzerland No Yes
22 Bruehl et al. 2004 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Noncancer, Chronic-pain Opioid 28 37.3 USA No No
23 Kim et al. 2018 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Nefopam 58 40 South korea No No
24 Eisenach et al. 2010 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Chronic-pain Ketorolac 15 44 No No
25 Rauck et al. 2014 Single-blinded, RCT, Crossover Chronic-pain Adenosine/Clonidine 22 44 USA No No
26 Buchheit et al. 2019 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Valproate 128 57 USA No No
27 Papadokostakis et al. 2005 Back, Chronic-pain Calcitonin 110 65 Greece No No
28 Gould et al. 2020 Double-blind, 4-arm, RCT Back, Chronic-pain Desipramine 141 51.5 USA No Yes
29 Schnitzer et al. 2016 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Back, Chronic-pain D-cycloserine 41 53.2 USA No No
30 Nenke et al. 2015 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Noncancer, Chronic-pain Hydrocortisone 26 71 Australia Yes Yes
31 Sopata et al. 2015 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Opioid 100 62.1 Poland No No
32 Kendall et al. Double-blind, P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 148 48 usa No No
33 Hongo et al. 2015 RCT Back, Chronic-pain Risedronate + Elcatonin 45 70.9 Japan No No
34 Amr and Yousef 2010 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Venlafaxine + Gabapentin 150 45 Egypt No No
35 Pedersen et al. 2014 Double-blind, RCT Chronic-pain Codeine + Paracetamol 58 49 Norway No No
36 Choi et al. 2016 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 90 34 Korea No No
37 Bruehl et al. 2014 P–C, RCT Back, Chronic-pain Morphine + Naloxone 50 36.9 USA Yes Yes
38 Chrubasik et al. 2010 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Capsicum 130 48.9 Germany No No
39 Schliessbach et al. 2017 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Back, Chronic-pain Oxycodone 50 55 Switzerland No Yes
40 Bruehl and Chung 2006 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Chronic-pain Naloxone 119 35.1 USA No No
41 Bruehl et al. 2013 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Chronic-pain Naloxone + Morphine 76 37.9 USA No No
42 Burns et al. 2017 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Naloxone + Morphine 89 36.9 USA No No
43 Eker et al. 2016 Double-blind, RCT Knee, Arthritis, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 52 65.15 Turkey Yes Yes
44 Kim et al. 2015 Double-blind, RCT Cancer, Chronic-pain Opioid 49 62 Korea No No
45 Kimos et al. 2007 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Gabapentin 50 33.58 Canada Yes Yes
46 Narang et al. 2008 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Chronic-pain Opioid 30 43.5 USA No No
47 Peyton et al. 2017 P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Ketamine 80 55.3 Australia No No
48 Katz et al. 2005 P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Chronic-pain Bupropion 60 49.8 Yes Yes
49 Hashmi et al. 2012 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Back, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 30 51.36 USA No No
50 Shimoyama et al. 2014 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Cancer, Chronic-pain Fentanyl 51 59.1 Japan No No
51 Wreje and Brorsson 1995 RCT Chronic-pain Sterile water 117  >  = 25 Sweden No No
52 Han et al. 2016 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Neuropathic, Chronic-pain BTX-A 40 53.1 korea Yes Yes
53 Rauck et al. 2014 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Hydrocodone 510 50.4 USA No No
54 Kim et al. 2010 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Pregabalin 94 39 Korea No No
55 Lee et al. 2019 RCT Chronic-pain BTX-A 60 50.9 Korea No No
56 Rashiq et al. 2003 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Chronic-pain Fentanyl 28 54 Yes Yes
57 Kang et al. 2020 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Ketamine 168 50.8 korea No No
58 Lipton et al. 2021 P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Erenumab 955 41.1 Canada-13* No No
59 Williamson et al. 2014 P–C, RCT Low-back, Knee, Arthritis, Chronic-pain Duloxetine 780 63.2 Canada No No
60 Guo et al. 2020 RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Celecoxib Eperisone 150 36 China No No
61 Damjanov et al. 2018 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain ACS 32 59 No No
62 Abd-Elshafy et al. 2019 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Bupivacaine 60 35 Egypt No Yes
63 Levesque et al. 2021 Double-blind, RCT Chronic-pain BTX + Ropivacaïne 80 53.1 No No
64 Maher et al. 2018 P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Ketamine 79 50.32 USA No No
65 Barry et al. 2019 RCT Back, Chronic-pain Methadone 40 37.7 USA No No
66 Shokeir and Mousa 2015 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Bupivacaine 60 32.8 Egypt Yes Yes
67 Scudds et al. 1995 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Lidocaine 61 46.1 Canada No No
68 Gimbel et al. 2016 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Buccal buprenorphine 510 52.8 USA No No
69 Matsuoka et al. 2019 P–C, RCT Neuropathic, Cancer, Chronic-pain Duloxetine 70 64.7 Japan No No
70 Yurekli et al. 2008 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Sodium valproate 70 40 Turkey Yes Yes
71 Maarrawi et al. 2018 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Amitriptyline 112 43.54 Lebanon Yes Yes
72 Li et al. 2018 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone 52 62 China No No
73 Almog et al. 2020 Double-blind, 3-arm, RCT, Crossover Chronic-pain THC 27 48.3 Israel No No
74 Wylde et al. 2015 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Knee, Chronic-pain Bupivacaine 273 66 UK No No
75 Matsukawa et al. 2020 RCT Chronic-pain Cernitin + Tadalafil 100 65.9 Japan No No
76 Haddad et al. 2018 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Chronic-pain Apomorphine 35 56.2 Israel No No
77 de Vries et al. 2016 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain THC 65 52.2 Netherlands Yes Yes
78 Urquhart et al. 2018 Double-blind, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Amitriptyline 146 53.5 Australia No Yes
79 Lichtman et al. 2018 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Cancer, Chronic-pain Nabiximols 397 59.2 Belgium-12* No No
80 Schiphorst et al. 2014 Trible-Blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Acetaminophen/Tramadol 50 42 Netherlands No No
81 Cardenas et al. 2002 RCT Chronic-pain Amitriptyline 84 41 USA Yes Yes
82 Arnold et al. 2012 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Milnacipran 1025 49.1 USA No No
83 Wasan et al. 2005 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Chronic-pain Morphine 20 44.2 USA No No
84 Baron et al. 2014 Double-blind, RCT Neuropathic, Low-back, Chronic-pain Tapentadol/Pregabalin 445 56.3 Germany No No
85 Portenoy et al. 2007 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Fentanyl 77 48.9 USA No No
86 Likar et al. 1997 Double-blind, RCT, Crossover Arthritis, Chronic-pain Morphine 21 68 Austria No No
87 Schwartzman et al. 2009 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Ketamine 20 38 USA Yes Yes
88 Chu et al. 2012 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Back, Chronic-pain Morphine 139 44 USA Yes Yes
89 Sandrini et al. 2011 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain BoNTA 56 48.5 USA No No
90 Mahowald et al. 2009 Single-blinded, P–C, RCT Arthritis, Chronic-pain BoNTA 40  >  = 48 USA Yes Yes
91 Loftus et al. 2010 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Back, Chronic-pain Ketamine 102 51.7 Lebanon /USA Yes Yes
92 Lehmann et al. 1997 P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Fentanyl 29 44.15 USA No No
93 Kahlenberg et al. 2017 P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Celecoxib 98 34.2 USA Yes Yes
94 Silberstein et al. 2009 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Topiramate 306 38.2 USA No No
95 Burgher et al. 2011 Double-blind, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 26 44.1 USA No No
96 McCleane 1999 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Neuropathic, Chronic-pain Phenytoin 20 40 Ireland Yes Yes
97 Naliboff et al. 2011 2-arm, RCT Chronic-pain Opioid 135 52.7 USA No No
98 Booth et al. 2017 P–C, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Morphine 74 28 USA No Yes
99 Lee et al. 2006 Single-blinded, RCT Chronic-pain Rowatinex/Ibuprofen 50 44.2 Korea No No
100 Levendoglu et al. 2004 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Neuropathic, Chronic-pain Gabapentin 20 35.9 Turkey Yes Yes
101 Yousef and Alzeftawy 2018 Double-blind, RCT Chronic-pain Opioid 100 53.44 Egypt No Yes
102 Yelland et al. 2009 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Neuropathic, Chronic-pain Gabapentin 73 57.8 Australia No No
103 Yucel et al. 2004 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Neuropathic, Chronic-pain Venlafaxine 55 48.94 Turkey No No
104 Hudson et al. 2021 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Knee, Arthritis, Chronic-pain Nortriptyline 205 64.4 New Zealand Yes Yes
105 Rauck et al. 2006 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Ziconotide 220 52.5 USA No No
106 Sandner-Kiesling et al. 2010 Double-blind Noncancer, Chronic-pain Naloxone + Oxycodone 379 56.2 Austria/Germany No No
107 Wang et al. 2017 RCT Chronic-pain Diosmin 300 41 China No Yes
108 Hawley et al. 2020 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Cancer, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 25 53.76 Canada No No
109 Mathieson et al. 2017 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Pregabalin 209 66 Australia No No
110 Wetzel et al. 2015 Double-blind, P–C, RCT, Crossover Low-back, Noncancer, Chronic-pain Nonopioid analgesic drugs 36 55 Austria No No
111 Khan et al. 2019 P–C, RCT PostsurgicalNeuropathic, Cancer, Chronic-pain Lidocaine + Pregabalin 100 55.2 Canada No No
112 Clarke et al. 112 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Chronic-pain Gabapentin 126 58.9 Canada Yes Yes
113 Ma et al. 113 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Oxycodone 116 58.2 China Yes Yes
114 J. H. Lee and C. S. Lee 114 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain TA-ER 245 59.9 Korea No No
115 Imamura et al. 2016 Trible-Blind, RCT Low-back, Chronic-pain Lidocaine 378 48.26 Brazil No No
116 Baron et al. 2015 RCT Neuropathic, Low-back, Chronic-pain Tapentadol 258 58.1 Germany No No
117 Kim et al. 2017 Double-blind, RCT Postsurgical, Cancer, Chronic-pain Lidocaine + Magnesium 126 48.7 Korea Yes Yes
118 Iwamura et al. 2015 RCT Chronic-pain Eviprostat 100 50.1 Japan No No
119 Zhang et al. 2021 Double-blind, P–C, RCT Chronic-pain Ningmitai 120 33.7 China No No

Canada-13*: “Canada-13” was used as the group of 13 countries: “Canada, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Turkey, the Netherlands and USA”.

Belgium-12*: “Belgium-12” was used as the group of 12 countries: “Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, United Kingdom, United States”.