Table 4.
Interventions used in studies.
| Study number | Author | Intervention abbreviation | Intervention details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Weizman et al. | THC | Cannabis |
| 2 | Krebs et al. | Opioid | Opioid and nonopioid medication therapy |
| 3 | AbdelHafeez et al. | Gabapentin | Gabapentin 2700 mg daily |
| 4 | Bushey et al. | Opioid | Analgesic |
| 5 | Bruehl et al. | Morphine + Naloxone | Morphine and Naloxone |
| 6 | Worley et al. | Buprenorphine/Naloxone | Buprenorphine/naloxone |
| 7 | Dindo et al. | ACT | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy |
| 8 | Hruschak et al. | IPGT | Psychoeducation, motivational interviewing, cognitive Behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and peer suppor |
| 9 | Azevedo et al. | Opioid | Opioid |
| 10 | Gudin et al. | NKTR-181 | NKTR-181 administered at doses of 100–600 mg twice daily |
| 11 | Stahl et al. | Venlafaxine | Lower-dose venlafaxine (≤ 150 mg/day) |
| 12 | Schliessbach et al. | Imipramine | Imipramine 75 |
| 13 | Mohamed et al. | Morphine | Topical morphine (in 1 of 3 doses: 5, 10, or 15 mg) |
| 14 | Schliessbach et al. | Oxycodone + Imipramine + Clobazam | Oxycodone 15 mg, imipramine 75 mg, clobazam 20 mg |
| 15 | Hermans et al. | Naloxone | 0 mg morphine or 0.2 mg/mL Naloxone) and placebo (2 mL Aqua) group |
| 16 | Todorov et al. | Gabapentin + Tiagabine | Gabapentin and Tiagabine |
| 17 | Sadatsune et al. | Gabapentin | Gabapentin Group received 600 mg of gabapentin preoperatively, one hour prior to surgery, and Control Group received placebo |
| 18 | Edwards et al. | Opioid | Oral opioid therapy |
| 19 | Katz et al. | Naproxen + Tanezumab | Intravenous tanezumab 200 μg/kg plus oral placebo (n = 88), intravenous placebo plus oral naproxen 500 mg twice a day (n = 88), or intravenous placebo plus oral placebo (n = 41) |
| 20 | Hayek et al. | Opioid + Bupivacaine | opioid with bupivacaine |
| 21 | Schliessbach et al. | Clobazam | Received a single oral dose of clobazam 20 mg or active placebo tolterodine 1 mg |
| 22 | Bruehl et al. | Opioid | Opioid |
| 23 | Kim et al. | Nefopam | Infused with the same volume of saline or nefopam (0.2 mg/kg bolus, 120 μg/kg/h continuous infusion) during surgery |
| 24 | Eisenach et al. | Ketorolac | Drug administration |
| 25 | Rauck et al. | Adenosine/Clonidine | Intrathecal clonidine, 100 μg, or adenosine, 2 mg |
| 26 | Buchheit et al. | Valproate | Oral valproic acid |
| 27 | Papadokostakis et al. | Calcitonin | 200 IU intranasal salmon calcitonin and 1000 mg of oral calcium daily |
| 28 | Gould et al. | Desipramine | Desipramine titrated to reach a serum concentration level of 15 to 65 ng/mL; |
| 29 | Schnitzer et al. | D-cycloserine | d-Cycloserine |
| 30 | Nenke et al. | Hydrocortisone | 10 mg/m2/day of oral hydrocortisone in three divided doses o |
| 31 | Sopata et al. | Opioid | opioids |
| 32 | Kendall et al. | Lidocaine | 1.5 mg/kg bolus of intravenous lidocaine followed by a 2 mg/kg/h infusion |
| 33 | Hongo et al. | Risedronate + Elcatonin | risedronate plus elcatonin |
| 34 | Amr and Yousef | Venlafaxine + Gabapentin | Venlafaxine 37.5 mg/day, gabapentin 300 mg/day |
| 35 | Pedersen et al. | Codeine + Paracetamol | 30 mg codeine and 400 or 500 mg of paracetamol |
| 36 | Choi et al. | Lidocaine | The patients received 2 mg/kg of lidocaine followed by continuous infusions of 3 mg/kg/h of lidocaine |
| 37 | Bruehl et al. | Morphine + Naloxone | Naloxone (8 mg), morphine (0.08 mg/kg) |
| 38 | Chrubasik et al. | Capsicum | Cream containing capsaicin 0.05% |
| 39 | Schliessbach et al. | Oxycodone | Oxycodone 15 mg |
| 40 | Bruehl and Chung | Naloxone | 8 mg dose of naloxone |
| 41 | Bruehl et al. | Naloxone + Morphine | Naloxone, morphine |
| 42 | Burns et al. | Naloxone + Morphine | Naloxone and morphine |
| 43 | Eker et al. | Lidocaine | Group I (n = 26) received 7 mL 0.5% lidocaine |
| 44 | Kim et al. | Opioid | Opioid therapy |
| 45 | Kimos et al. | Gabapentin | Gabapentin |
| 46 | Narang et al. | Opioid | Opioids |
| 47 | Peyton et al. | Ketamine | Ketamine |
| 48 | Katz et al. | Bupropion | Bupropion |
| 49 | Hashmi et al. | Lidocaine | Lidocaine |
| 50 | Shimoyama et al. | Fentanyl | Fentanyl |
| 51 | Wreje and Brorsson | Sterile water | Sterile water |
| 52 | Han et al. | BTX-A | Botulinum toxin type A |
| 53 | Rauck et al. | Hydrocodone | Hydrocodone 20–100 mg every 12 h) |
| 54 | Kim et al. | Pregabalin | pregabalin |
| 55 | Lee et al. | BTX-A | Botulinum Toxin Injection |
| 56 | Rashiq et al. | Fentanyl | Opioid |
| 57 | Kang et al. | Ketamine | 0.12 mg/kg/h of ketamine |
| 58 | Lipton et al. | Erenumab | Erenumab 70 and 140 mg |
| 59 | Williamson et al. | Duloxetine | Duloxetine |
| 60 | Guo et al. | Celecoxib Eperisone | Celecoxib Eperisone |
| 61 | Damjanov et al. | ACS | Autologous conditioned serum (ACS; marketed as Orthokine®) |
| 62 | Abd-Elshafy et al. | Bupivacaine |
Drug: Dexmedetomidine isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% (0.3 ml/kg) and dexmedetomidine (1 mcg/kg) Drug: Bupivacaine isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% (0.3 ml/kg) |
| 63 | Levesque et al. | BTX + Ropivacaïne |
Drug: botulinum toxin A + ropivacaïne Drug: Ropivacaïne |
| 64 | Maher et al. | Ketamine | Ketamine |
| 65 | Barry et al. | Methadone | Methadone |
| 66 | Shokeir and Mousa | Bupivacaine | Bupivacaine |
| 67 | Scudds et al. | Lidocaine | Lidocaine |
| 68 | Gimbel et al. | Buccal buprenorphine | Buccal buprenorphine |
| 69 | Matsuoka et al. | Duloxetine | Duloxetine 20 mg |
| 70 | Yurekli et al. | Sodium valproate | Sodium valproate |
| 71 | Maarrawi et al. | Amitriptyline | Amitriptyline |
| 72 | Li et al. | Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone | Single 20-ml injection of 0.50% ropivacaine plus 10 mg dexamethasone |
| 73 | Almog et al. | THC | THC: 0.5 mg, 1 mg |
| 74 | Wylde et al. | Bupivacaine | Anaesthetic with 3 mL of 0.5% plain bupivacaine |
| 75 | Matsukawa et al. | Cernitin + Tadalafil | Tadalafil |
| 76 | Haddad et al. | Apomorphine | Apomorphine |
| 77 | de Vries et al. | THC | Tetrahydrocannabinol |
| 78 | Urquhart et al. | Amitriptyline | Amitriptyline; 25 mg per day |
| 79 | Lichtman et al. | Nabiximols | Nabiximols |
| 80 | Schiphorst et al. | Acetaminophen/Tramadol | Acetaminophen/tramadol 325 mg/37.5 mg |
| 81 | Cardenas et al. | Amitriptyline | Amitriptyline |
| 82 | Arnold et al. | Milnacipran | Chronic pain |
| 83 | Wasan et al. | Morphine | Morphine |
| 84 | Baron et al. | Tapentadol/Pregabalin | Tapentadol PR 300 mg/day + pregabalin |
| 85 | Portenoy et al. | Fentanyl | Fentanyl |
| 86 | Likar et al. | Morphine | Morphine hydrochloride |
| 87 | Schwartzman et al. | Ketamine | Ketamine |
| 88 | Chu et al. | Morphine | Morphine |
| 89 | Sandrini et al. | BoNTA | Onabotulinum toxin A |
| 90 | Mahowald et al. | BoNTA | Botulinum Toxin Type A |
| 91 | Loftus et al. | Ketamine | Ketamine infusions |
| 92 | Lehmann et al. | Fentanyl | Transdermal fentanyl |
| 93 | Kahlenberg et al. | Celecoxib | Celecoxib |
| 94 | Silberstein et al. | Topiramate | Topiramate |
| 95 | Burgher et al. | Lidocaine | Lidocaine and either clonidine (200 or 400mcg) or triamcinolone |
| 96 | McCleane | Phenytoin | Phenytoin (Parke Davis) |
| 97 | Naliboff et al. | Opioid | Opioids |
| 98 | Booth et al. | Morphine | 300 mcg spinal morphine and 1 g acetaminophen |
| 99 | Lee et al. | Rowatinex/Ibuprofen | Rowatinex 200 mg/ibuprofen 600 mg |
| 100 | Levendoglu et al. | Gabapentin | Gabapentin |
| 101 | Yousef and Alzeftawy | Opioid | Oral perixicam |
| 102 | Yelland et al. | Gabapentin | Gabapentin |
| 103 | Yucel et al. | Venlafaxine | Venlafaxine |
| 104 | Hudson et al. | Nortriptyline | Nortriptyline |
| 105 | Rauck et al. | Ziconotide | Ziconotide |
| 106 | Sandner-Kiesling et al. | Naloxone + Oxycodone | Oxycodone PR/naloxone PR |
| 107 | Wang et al. | Diosmin | Diosmin |
| 108 | Hawley et al. | Lidocaine | Lidocaine |
| 109 | Mathieson et al. | Pregabalin | Pregabalin at a dose of 150 mg |
| 110 | Wetzel et al. | Nonopioid analgesic drugs | Oral nonopioid analgesic drug |
| 111 | Khan et al. | Lidocaine + Pregabalin | Pregabalin |
| 112 | Clarke et al. | Gabapentin | Gabapentin |
| 113 | Ma et al. | Oxycodone | Oxycodone |
| 114 | J. H. Lee and C. S. Lee | TA-ER | Tramadol hydrochloride 75-mg/acetaminophen 650-mg |
| 115 | Imamura et al. | Lidocaine | Paraspinous lidocaine injection |
| 116 | Baron et al. | Tapentadol | Tapentadol |
| 117 | Kim et al. | Lidocaine + Magnesium | Lidocaine (L), magnesium (M |
| 118 | Iwamura et al. | Eviprostat | Eviprostat |
| 119 | Zhang et al. | Ningmitai | Ningmitai Capsule |