Table 3.
Distribution of CVD risk markers according to copper tertiles.
| Variables mean ± SD or N (%) | Copper | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (n = 147) < 15.8 | Tertile 2 (n = 146) 15.8–19.1 | Tertile 3 (n = 144) >19.1 | ||
| Age | 39.07 (13.1) | 41.97 (12.96) | 42.22 (11.43) | NS |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 62 (42.2) | 52 (35.6) | 49 (34.1) | |
| Female | 85 (57.8) | 94 (64.4) | 95 (65.9) | |
| Metabolic markers | ||||
| BMI | 28.1 (5.5) | 29.8 (5.7) | 32.1 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Hip/waist circumference | 88.2 (15.1) | 88.0 (13.9) | 89.2 (14.5) | NS |
| Glucose | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.8 (1.8) | 6.0 (2.3) | NS |
| Insulin | 12.5 (19.5) | 10.8 (10.1) | 12.7 (18.1) | NS |
| HbA1C | 5.4 (0.8) | 5.8 (1.3) | 5.9 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| C-peptide | 2.2 (1.4) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.1 (1.2) | NS |
| HOMA-IR | 3.05 (7.1) | 3.0 (3.9) | 4.0 (9.4) | 0.070 |
| TyG index | 8.5 (0.6) | 8.5 (0.7) | 8.6 (0.6) | NS |
| TG/HDL ratio | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.8) | 1.0 (1.0) | NS |
| Cardiovascular markers | ||||
| Total cholesterol | 4.8 (1.0) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.0) | 0.009 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.9) | NS |
| Triglycerides | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.3 (0.8) | NS |
| Systolic blood pressure | 114.6 (15.0) | 113.3 (16.3) | 114.9 (17.0) | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 68.2 (12.0) | 66.1 (9.3) | 66.2 (10.9) | NS |
| Pulse rate | 68.7 (10.2) | 71.1 (9.8) | 71.5 (10.2) | 0.030 |
| 10-year ASCVD risk score | 3.2 (3.2) | 3.6 (5.3) | 2.9 (4.0) | NS |
| Coagulation tests | ||||
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 12.2 (1.0) | 12.1 (1.4) | 11.9 (0.8) | 0.025 |
| International normalization ratio (INR) | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | NS |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) | 34.5 (3.1) | 34.2 (3.2) | 33.9 (2.8) | NS |
| Fibrinogen | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac markers | ||||
| Myoglobin | 28.9 (25.5) | 23.3 (16.3) | 23.5 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP | 30.6 (111.8) | 35.9 (36.9) | 44.4 (59.3) | <0.001 |
| Creatine kinase | 224.5 (621.9) | 94.2 (67.0) | 125.3 (407.5) | <0.001 |
| Carotid doppler (common carotid arteries) | ||||
| Pulsatility index (left) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | NS |
| Pulsatility index (right) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.6) | NS |
| Resistivity index (left) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | NS |
| Resistivity index (right) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | NS |
| Systolic to diastolic velocity ratio (left) | 4.4 (2.7) | 4.3 (1.1) | 4.1 (0.9) | NS |
| Systolic to diastolic velocity ratio (right) | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.4 (3.7) | NS |
| Mean intima/media thickness (left) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | NS |
| Mean Intima/media thickness (right) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | NS |
| Viacorder test results (arterial stiffness) | ||||
| Pulse power index (PPI) | 1.21 (.16) | 1.23 (.24) | 1.23 (.15) | NS |
| Pulse wave velocity (PWV) | 12.27 (5.74) | 12.54 (4.93) | 12.63 (4.22) | NS |
Bold numbers indicate statistically significant P-values.